澜沧江构造带中南段小定西组火山岩形成时代的厘定及其构造意义

三叠纪忙怀组、小定西组火山岩是澜沧江构造带中南段火山岩带的重要组成部分,是澜沧江古特提斯缝合带构造演化的产物。本文报道了小定西组巨厚玄武岩中安山岩和流纹岩夹层的岩石学、地球化学及锆石LA-ICP-MS年代学及Lu-Hf同位素特征。流纹岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示小定西组火山岩形成于230Ma。安山岩为高Al2O3的高钾钙碱性岩类,其较强的Nb、Sr和Ti负异常、较弱的Eu负异常、较低的Mg#、(La/Yb)N比值和Cr、Ni含量等特征与小定西组高铝玄武岩极为相似,说明安山岩岩浆与玄武岩岩浆来源相同或相似,是交代地幔物质部分熔融形成的玄武岩浆熔离分异的产物。流纹岩的过铝质特征,强烈Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Eu和Ti的负异常,与芒怀组流纹岩和临沧花岗岩极为相似,Nb/Ta、Th/Ce和Th/U比值与大陆地壳一致,以及εHf(t)值为-11.6~+9.6,峰值分布于-6.0~+2.0之间,对应的地壳模式年龄(tDM2)为658~1990Ma,大部分集中在1100~1600Ma范围内,反映其岩浆来源于中上地壳物质部分熔融的产物,并加入少量幔源组分的混合岩浆。小定西组玄武岩夹层中的安山岩和流纹岩都具有Rb、Ba、Th、U富集和Nb、Ta和Ti亏损,在微量元素构造环境判别图解上分布于陆缘弧或同碰撞岩浆岩区的特征。结合该区早三叠世地层缺失、晚三叠世磨拉石建造不整合覆盖在下伏地层之上,以及高压变质带的存在等分析认为澜沧江构造带中南段火山岩带中生代火山岩形成于同碰撞环境。在保山地块与印支地块碰撞过程中,交代地幔楔物质部分熔融形成的基性岩浆在上升过程中诱发地壳物质部分熔融形成酸性岩浆,下部基性和上部酸性两个岩浆房的岩浆间歇式喷发,形成下部以酸性火山岩为主(芒怀组),上部以基性火山岩为主(小定西组)的"双峰式"中三叠世火山岩带。     

欧盟地区环境地质科学研究现状、战略及启示

欧盟是世界环境保护与可持续发展的主要倡导者和推动者,在环境地质科学研究方面积累了大量先进的理念、经验和做法。在论述欧盟环境管理基本理念的基础上,从填图、监测、机理研究3个方面分析了欧盟地区环境地质调查和科学研究工作现状,概括总结了其在环境地质领域的科学发展战略重点,梳理出各成员国地质调查机构从传统地质调查工作向服务生态管理的现代地质调查工作转变的发展路线。在此基础上,提出了对中国环境地质调查和研究工作的启示:加强地质环境生态服务功能评估;加强统一的地质环境监测体系建设;开展地球关键带三维地质调查与监测;加强地质环境事件快速响应基础研究。     

Design Method,Application and Time Alternative Mechanism of Flexible Use of Airspace

The flexible use of airspace and its practice are the key components of next generation air transportation system and the important technical support of reconstructing the national airspace in Europe, Japan and other countries. On the basis of overview and comprehensive cognition of the generation, implementation and aims of flexible use of airspace, the design methods of sector’s boundary changes were evaluated. Then, from the perspective of “sector-closed”, the effect on sector boundary changes was evaluated, and the time alternative mechanism in flexible use of airspace was revealed. The research shows that “Algorithm+Manual Dynamic Boundary Change” can be a method for better distribution and balancing the unbalanced traffic demand across regions, which will also promote the airspace development and capacity release. The flexible use of airspace based on ICTs realizes the replacement of the factor of space by the factor of time, which enhances the flexibility of airspace configuration and the changing of air routes to the maximun extent. The methods and applications of flexible use of airspace will be not only beneficial to establishing the whole national airspace system and utilization, but also to promoting geography research on airspace resources development and the studies on connection between air and land.     

Hazard Assessment of Cold and Hot Damage for Double-Season Early Rice (DSER) in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin

Cold and hot damages which are both common disasters occurring in DSER growth time in lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin harm early rice. The two disasters occurrence should be deeply studied to protect the DSER yield. This study was based on meteorological data of 48 agricultural meteorological stations during 1961-2010 period and agricultural meteorological data during 1981-2010 for DSER in lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. In this study, the growth time was divided into several phases according to the growth stage, including tillering stage, booting stage, flowering stage and filling stage. The disasters taking place at some stages was identified by building new judging standard and their intensity value was calculated by harm accumulated temperature calculation model. Fisher optimal division method was used to classify the disasters and H-P filter was used to consider the reduction of the yield. It was conducted to analize the disasters’ characteristics in growing season, the intensity of hazard and the weight of hazard at each stage by judging and quantifying cold and hot damage and developing hazard assessment model of disasters. All findings were displayed in maps by GIS technology. The results showed that: ①New disaster judging standard was more suitable for DSER and the hazard assessment model could reveal the disaster situation in lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. ②Cold damage was severe at tillering stage while hot damage was severe at filling stage. In the view of the distribution of the decadal disaster intensity, cold damage became to be weak and hot damage became to be strong. Compared with the plains, mountainous region and hilly ground were attacked by cold damage frequently and hot damage rarely from the perspective of spatial distribution of disasters. Distinctly, plains near large areas of water were often harmed by cold damage at booting and flowering stage. ③The area of high hazard value and high disasters value at each stage were overlapped by each other roughly. Studying the hazard of the whole growth season showed that the highest hazard value was in Zhejiang province, and the next in Hubei Province. So Hu’nan and Jiangxi Provinces were quite suitable to grow DSER. ④In contrast with the hazard weight at each stage, the vulnerable phases of the whole growth time were in sequence of filling stage> tillering stage> flowering stage > booting stage. What’s more, aiming at defensing and fending off risk, some special stages in special province should be paid close attention including booting and filling stages in Hubei Province, tillering and flowering and filling stages in Hu’nan Province, tillering and filling stages in Jiangxi Province, flowering and filling stages in Zhejiang Province. The conclusion can be taken as theoretical basis for the government management of agricultural production, disaster prevention and mitigation.     

The Effect of Organic Carbon-Iron Oxide Association on the Preservation of Sedimentary Organic Carbon in Marine Environments

Understanding the mechanisms responsible for long-term storage of organic carbon (OC) in marine environment is important for studying the marine carbon cycling and predicting how the global carbon cycle will respond to climate change. It is estimated that more than 20% of the OC in marine sediments is associated with iron oxides and thus these complexes are one of the most important factors in the long-term storage of OC. The OC-iron oxide (OC-Fe) association can be formed through either adsorption or co-precipitation, but the dominant mechanism of OC-Fe association in marine environments is co-precipitation. The combination of OC from different sources with iron oxides is selective. Iron oxides preferentially combine with marine OC in most marine environments, but in estuarine delta regions they prefer terrestrial OC. Due to large inputs of terrestrial materials, high primary production and frequent re-suspension, estuarine and marginal seas are suitable sites for OC-Fe association studies, which should be emphasized in the future.     

渤海表层沉积物中有机碳的分布和来源

大河影响下的陆架边缘海沉积有机碳的分布和来源是全球碳循环研究的重要内容。本研究于2012年5月采集了渤海海域的29个表层沉积物样品,分析了粒度组成、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、木质素含量和稳定碳同位素丰度(δ13C)等参数,结合基于蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型,定量研究了沉积物中有机碳的分布和来源情况,并讨论了其影响因素。结果表明,研究区域表层沉积物中TOC含量为0.19%~0.81%,渤海中部泥质区站位(大于0.65%)明显高于其周围砂质区域站位(小于0.40%);TOC与黏土含量也有显著的正相关性,说明细颗粒沉积物容易富集有机碳。沉积有机碳的δ13C范围为-23.7‰~-21.8‰,显示沉积有机碳是海源和陆源有机碳的混合输入。木质素参数,如C/V、S/V和LPVI的数值范围显示研究区域表层沉积物中木质素主要来源于被子植物草本组织与木本组织的混合,同时有少量裸子植物的贡献。基于蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型显示研究区域沉积物中有机碳主要来源于海洋浮游植物,平均为64%,陆源有机碳中来自土壤的贡献最高(平均为27%),C₃维管植物的贡献较少(平均为9%)。海洋浮游植物有机碳主要分布在渤海中部泥质区及离岸较远的区域,而土壤有机碳和C₃维管植物有机碳则主要沉积在河口附近及近岸区,并可以离岸输运到较远的地方。