A new multipath mitigation method based on adaptive thresholding wavelet denoising and double reference shift strategy

Multipath disturbance is one of the major error sources in high-accuracy positioning for global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Although various methods based on software and hardware strategies have been developed to mitigate this error, they are still limited by different kinds of factors and the effect is not ideal. After analyzing the existing methods, a new single-difference sidereal filtering method, based on adaptive thresholding wavelet denoising and double reference shift strategy (ATDR), is proposed to mitigate multipath effects for static short-baseline GNSS applications. The key idea of the proposed method is the use of both the adaptive thresholding wavelet denoising to extract an accurate multipath correction model from the reference Day and the double reference shift strategy to mitigate multipath for subsequent Day 2 more accurately and efficiently. By applying the introduced adaptive thresholding method, the average improvement rate of the RMS values of the single-difference residuals can reach about 15.82% compared with the constant thresholding method. Moreover, after applying the proposed ATDR method, the 3D positioning precision is improved by about 37.73% for the single epoch mode with 30 s data sampling rate and about 31.22% for the continuous mode with 1 s high sampling rate compared with the original results. Even compared with the constant thresholding single orbital reference (CTSR) method, the improvement percentage is about 33.94% in single epoch mode and about 25.40% in continuous mode for 3D positioning precision, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the two experiments indicate that the proposed ATDR method performs much better than the CTSR method in mitigating multipath for different sampling rates and different processing modes in the measurement domain for GNSS static short-baseline postprocessing applications.     

Modelling coastal land use change by incorporating spatial autocorrelation into cellular automata models

This paper presents a spatial autoregressive (SAR) method-based cellular automata (termed SAR-CA) model to simulate coastal land use change, by incorporating spatial autocorrelation into transition rules. The model captures the spatial relationships between explained and explanatory variables and then integrates them into CA transition rules. A conventional CA model (LogCA) based on logistic regression (LR) was studied as a comparison. These two CA models were applied to simulate urban land use change of coastal regions in Ningbo of China from 2000 to 2015. Compared to the LR method, the SAR model yielded smaller accumulated residuals that showed a random distribution in fitting the CA transition rules. The better-fitting SAR model performed well in simulating urban land use change and scored an overall accuracy of 85.3%, improving on the LogCA model by 3.6%. Landscape metrics showed that the pattern generated by the SAR-CA model has less difference with the observed pattern.     

Examining human heat stress with remote sensing technology

Heat stress as an environmental hazard which can seriously affect productivity, health, or even survival of individuals has long been studied. Despite the endeavors that have been made to address the issue quantitatively with various heat stress indices, they are often measured at scatter sites. This research devotes to revealing human heat stress within continuous space with remote sensing technology. The study began with the retrieval of dry-bulb temperature from land surface temperature (LST) with empirical models. As wet-bulb temperature was calculated from dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, discomfort index (DI) as an indicator of heat stress was revealed for the study area at 1 km spatial resolution for three summer days. Results indicated that DI can be derived within continuous space with remotely sensed data, and its spatial distribution can be dramatically affected by relative humidity. Further comparison between DI and LST indicated that LST as a widely utilized indicator of surface thermal condition fails to address human heat stress as environmental factors such as relative humidity are not taken into account.     

基于像元二分模型的森林郁闭度遥感估算

实现森林郁闭度的高精度估测,对于森林资源的监测与管理具有非常重要的意义。本文以小兴安岭带岭林业实验管理局为研究区,基于植被指数的像元二分模型进行了森林郁闭度的遥感反演,结果表明:模型的预估精度达到89.01%,决定系数R2达到0.859,RMSE为0.039,模型的一致性较好,可以实现大区域范围森林郁闭度的监测,满足了林业经营管理的需求。     

基于DEM的6种坡度提取算法的比较分析——以山东省青岛市为例

坡度是描述地形特征信息的一个重要指标,对于制订土地利用规划和防御地质灾害具有重要意义。本文基于山东省青岛市的ASTER GDEM数据,利用MATLAB进行矩阵运算,采用6种坡度提取算法分别获取坡度矩阵、最大值和中误差等统计指标,对比分析6种算法的提取精度。结果表明:简单差分算法出现极端和偏差情况的概率较高,可信度不高;三阶不带权差分和三阶反距离平方权差分算法比较稳定,偏差较小且精度较高,对沿海地区坡度提取具有借鉴意义。     

基于独立成分分析的高光谱图像降维及分割

高光谱图像的高维数给图像的进一步处理带来了困难,为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一种基于独立成分分析的高光谱图像降维分割方法。首先,利用波段子空间划分和标准差对高光谱图像预处理,选择部分波段的高光谱图像作为实验对象;然后利用基于负熵的快速不动点算法对实验数据解混,再根据平均绝对权重系数对波段排序并选取;最后使用模糊C均值聚类算法对降维后的图像进行分割。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效实现高光谱图像降维,并获得较好的分割结果。     

用于海上溢油监测的航海雷达图像降噪技术研究

航海雷达溢油监测技术具有大范围目标探测、工作方式灵活、能够适应恶劣天气的优势。而海上溢油监测技术应用的航海雷达原始图像数据中,含有大量的同频干扰、斑点、假目标等噪声,处理上述噪声是航海雷达海上溢油监测技术研究的首要工作。本文基于先锁定噪声位置,再消除噪声的思想,提出了一种有效的航海雷达原始回波图像的降噪技术。以大连716溢油事故中采集得到的数据进行试验,并分析处理结果,这种方法不仅能够很好地消除干扰噪声,而且能够有效地保护航海雷达原始回波图像中的海浪信息,为溢油监测技术研究提供了良好的数据基础。     

基于模糊集理论的彩色图像融合分割

基于二维直方图的图像分割方法综合考虑目标像素灰度值及其邻域的平均灰度,通过确定阈值进行图像分割,本质属于硬决策方法。由于位于阈值附近的像素在分割时具有不确定性,硬决策法容易产生错误分割。因此,本文基于模糊集理论提出一种融合分割方法,利用隶属度函数对基于二维直方图分割中存在的不确定性建模,并通过模糊推理综合利用彩色图像各颜色通道的信息。实验结果表明,本文所提方法相较传统的阈值方法有更好的分割效果。     

湘江下游河床沉积物元素地球化学背景值估算

本研究对湘江下游河床沉积物进行了元素地球化学分析,在认识沉积物元素地球化学特征、甄别人为源与自然源重金属的基础上,估算了沉积物的元素地球化学背景值。结果表明:SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O等主量元素及V、Co、Cr、Ba、Sc、U、Sr、Ga、Ge、Rb、Nb、Y、REE等微量元素在沉积物中含量变化相对稳定(Cv<0.2),分布相对均匀,且富集不明显(EF<2.0,Sr明显亏损)。而MnO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、P2O5等主量元素,及Cd、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属在沉积物中含量变化大(Cv>0.25),分布极不均匀,且沉积物中重金属明显富集(EF>2.0)。主成分及Pearson线性相关性分析显示,沉积物中不明显富集的微量元素主要赋存于难溶硅酸盐矿物相中,为自然源元素。而沉积物中显著富集的重金属主要赋存于铁—锰氧化物等矿物相中,为有人为源叠加的元素。故针对不同来源特征的元素用不同的方法进行了背景值计算,求得沉积物中47个元素的背景值。再利用元素比值等方法对所得背景值进行检验。结果表明,本文得到的湘江沉积物元素背景值合理,可用作流域沉积物重金属污染评价参考。     

内蒙古平安地元古代构造混杂岩的发现与地质意义

正研究区位于内蒙古东部天山镇西平安地地区,古生代大地构造位置由南向北可划分为华北板块、白乃庙岛弧和索伦—林西缝合带(图1)。Xiao等(2015)和Jian等(2012)等认为温都尔庙—柯丹山—西拉木伦蛇绿混杂岩带是华北板块和西伯利亚板块的缝合带,研究区则位于该混杂岩带以南白乃庙岛弧一侧。