我国海洋保护地现状、问题及发展对策

随着我国海洋经济的不断发展,沿海地区的海洋环境和生态系统面临的压力不断加剧。海洋保护地作为海洋生态环境管理的有效手段,近30年来被广泛应用于海洋生物多样性和生态系统保护,取得了显著的成就和效果。文章通过对我国海洋保护地的建设情况进行系统研究,阐述了海洋保护地的发展现状和管理体制,重点剖析了海洋保护地管理和建设过程中面临的缺乏顶层设计、管理能力和管护条件弱、管理人才和资金少、空间发展不平衡等问题,在建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的新形势下,为我国海洋保护地的发展提出了健全海洋保护地管理制度体系、构建海洋保护地网络体系、加强海洋保护地管理能力建设和加强海洋保护地宣传教育等对策建议。     

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒湖区盐生植物改良土壤盐渍化效应及其贡献评价

在柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区,通过对芦苇、赖草、海韭菜、无脉苔草、洽草、盐地风毛菊、羊齿天门冬、小花棘豆和白刺9种盐生植物生长区土壤容重、含水量、全盐量、pH值、全氮、速效钾、速效磷进行测试分析,研究其对盐渍化土壤的改良效果。试验结果表明:9种盐生植物均可降低土壤容重、全盐量和pH值,提高土壤含水量,其平均全盐量较裸地降低了3.79%~85.40%,平均降低幅度为44.99%,小花棘豆降低土壤容重相对较为显著(17.39%),无脉苔草相对较差(1.37%)；盐地风毛菊降低土壤pH值的能力相对较强(5.11%),羊齿天门冬相对较弱；赖草提高土壤含水量相对较为显著(26.05%),白刺相对较差(1.85%)。9种盐生植物可不同程度增加土壤全氮含量,且随取样深度增加全氮含量呈逐渐降低的变化趋势；9种盐生植物坡面地表以下垂直方向0~20 cm土体速效磷含量表现出增加趋势,其中在地表以下20~50 cm位置速效磷含量增加相对较为显著,土体速效磷含量增加的程度由大至小依次为:小花棘豆、赖草、无脉苔草、海韭菜、白刺、羊齿天门冬、芦苇、洽草和盐地风毛菊。研究结果对于利用盐生植物防治土壤盐渍化,以及进一步提高土壤可持续利用有实际价值。     

海洋细菌SAR86研究进展

变形菌门是海洋环境中最主要的微生物类群,其中属于γ-变形菌门的海洋细菌SAR86成为近来研究的热点之一。本文从海洋细菌SAR86的系统发育多样性、生态分布、基因组学以及在海洋生物地球化学循环中的作用等四个方面对相关研究进行回顾与展望。     

山区合适耕地经营规模确定的实证研究——以重庆市为例

在地形起伏、地块破碎、分布半径较远等约束下,山区多大的经营规模是合适的?这是目前必须弄清的科学问题之一。使用480份有效调查问卷,以投入农业的劳动力为测算单位,以劳均纯收入为评价指标,分作物类型和地块分布半径,构建计量经济模型,测算不同条件下合适的耕地经营,结果表明：① 在现有社会经济条件下,样本村农业土地适度规模经营面积为24~32亩,适度规模下的劳均纯收入远高于当前农村人均纯收入,且与城镇居民的差距明显缩小。② 作物类型对适度规模影响不大,但对农民纯收入产生较大作用。经济作物和粮食作物的适度规模分别为24.33亩、24.63亩,差异不显著,但种植经济作物和粮食作物在适度规模下的劳均纯收入相差3638元,巨大的差距将促使经济作物种植面积不断扩大。③ 距离对适度规模影响较大,但对劳均纯收入影响不大。0.5 km内、0.5~1 km的适度规模分别为28.62亩、31.83亩,单位劳动力的适度规模相差3亩,这表明距离是目前从事农业生产时劳动力投入时须考虑的重要因素。但是,对应的劳均纯收入相差较小,又说明伴随耕作距离的增加,更多的投入主要依靠机械来完成,从而带动适度规模的扩大。1 km外的建模未通过检验,也进一步说明未实现规模经营、没有进行机械化耕作、离家远的土地收支严重不平衡,撂荒严重,规模化经营、机械化耕作是解决距离问题的有效途径。本文得出的土地适度规模是可行的,也验证了推进土地适度规模经营的可行性和必要性。     

寒旱环境盐胁迫条件下两种草本植物的根系力学特性研究

本项研究选取适宜于西宁盆地及其周边地区生长的2种优势草本植物垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb)和细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum (Linn.) Gaertn.)作为供试种,通过室内种植培育方式,采用浓度梯度分别为50mmol/L、100mmol/L、150mmol/L、200mmol/L的Na₂SO₄溶液对2种植物进行盐胁迫处理。在盐胁迫试验处理后的第15d、30d和45d时,分别测定2种植物单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度。试验结果表明：相同盐胁迫浓度时,2种植物单根抗拉力随生长期增长呈逐渐增大,单根抗拉强度随生长期增加表现为逐渐降低的变化规律;相同生长期时,2种植物单根抗拉力随着胁迫液浓度由0mmol/L增加至200mmol/L时表现为逐渐减小趋势,单根抗拉强度则随着胁迫液浓度增加呈逐渐增大的变化规律;进一步研究表明,在相同胁迫浓度和相同生长期条件下,细茎冰草单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度分别较垂穗披碱草高0.008N~0.025N和9.646MPa~72.807MPa;2种草本植物单根抗拉力与根径之间呈指数函数关系;2种草本单根抗拉强度分别随根径的增加而逐渐减小,且均与根径呈幂函数关系。本该研究成果对于进一步探讨寒旱环境盐胁迫条件下,草本植物根系力学强度特征及其变化规律具有重要理论研究价值,同时对于有效防治研究区水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害的发生具有实际指导意义。     

THE EFFECTS OF STATION NETWORK DENSITY ON STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION

In this paper, 1416 conventional ground-based meteorological observation stations on the mainland of China were subdivided into groups of differing spatial density. Data from each subgroup were then used to analyze variations in the tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation statistics derived from each subgroup across the mainland of China (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao), as well as in two regions (east China and south China) and three provinces (Guangdong, Hainan, and Jiangxi) between 1981 and 2010. The results showed that for the mainland of China, total precipitation, mean annual precipitation, mean daily precipitation, and its spatial distribution were the same regardless of the spatial density of the stations. However, some minor differences were evident with respect to precipitation extremes and their spatial distribution. Overall, there were no significant variations in the TC precipitation statistics calculated from different station density schemes for the mainland of China. The regional and provincial results showed no significant differences in mean daily precipitation, but this was not the case for the maximum daily precipitation and torrential rain frequency. The maximum daily precipitation calculated from the lower-density station data was slightly less than that based on the higher-density station schemes, and this effect should be taken into consideration when interpreting regional climate statistics. The impact of station density on TC precipitation characteristics was more obvious for Hainan than for Guangdong or Jiangxi provinces. In addition, the effects were greater for south China (including Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces) than east China (including Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces). Furthermore, the analysis proved that the statistical climatic characteristics began to change significantly when the station spacing was between 40 and 50 km, which are close to the mean spacing for all stations across the mainland of China. Moreover, TC areal precipitation parameters, including mean total areal precipitation and mean daily areal precipitation, also began to change significantly when the spacing was between 40 and 50 km, and were completely different when it was between 100 and 200 km.     

柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区盐生植物根-土复合体力学强度试验研究

以柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区作为试验区,分别筛选出5种优势盐生植物,即海韭菜(Triglochin maritimum Linn.)、芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin.)、赖草(Leymus secalinus Tzvel.)、毛穗赖草(Leymus paboanus Claus.)和无脉苔草(Carex enervis C.A.Mey.)作为试验供试种,分别对5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样和不含根系素土试样进行了室内直接剪切试验和三轴压缩试验,对比了不含根系素土试样与根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标;在此基础上,评价了5种盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度作用。试验结果表明:(1)当含水量和密度值分别为29.01%和1.65 g/cm3时,5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标粘聚力c值为10.38~19.19 k Pa,且显著大于素土试样的粘聚力c值5.95 k Pa,内摩擦角φ值未表现出变化规律;(2)相对于不含根系的素土试样,由直剪试验和三轴试验得到的5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的粘聚力增长幅度分别为16.8%~108.7%、19.2%~113.6%;(3)由直剪试验与三轴试验结果表明,区内5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样抗剪强度大小变化顺序表现出一致的规律性,即由大至小依次为,芦苇、海韭菜、赖草、毛穗赖草、无脉苔草和素土。该项研究结果为区内进一步开展盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度机理等方面的研究具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

The IAMAS-CNC Early Career Scientists Nobel Prize Online Interpretation Workshop

1.Overview The 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to three scientists for their contribution to the physical understanding of complex systems(The Nobel Committee for Physics,2021).Two of the laureates,Dr.Syukuro MANABE and Dr.Klaus HASSELMANN,are climate scientists.This is the first time a climate scientist has won a Nobel Prize for physics and is thus a great encouragement to the entire climate science community,especially young scientists.Because the two winners'groundbreaking contributions that led to their award were achieved decades ago,young people may not be very familiar with these works.Therefore,to help young scientists better understand the scientific merit of the fundamental works and to inspire them in their future research careers,on 20 October 2021,the young scientist working group of The China National Committee of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences(IAMAS-CNC)organized an online Nobel Prize interpretation workshop.Over 400 participants attended the online workshop,and more than 120000 parti-cipants watched the replay.     

基于用岛类型和方式的舟山市无居民海岛分类保护应用研究

无居民海岛是舟山市经济、社会和生态发展的重要资源支撑。为促进舟山市无居民海岛的精细化管理和可持续发展,文章分析舟山市无居民海岛开发利用和保护存在的问题,提出无居民海岛分类保护原则,基于国家权益类、自然保护区类、海洋特别保护区类、其他重要保护类、限制开发类和保留类的单岛功能定位分别制定管理方案,基于旅游娱乐用岛等9种用岛...     

青岛滨海地质旅游

青岛滨海旅游具有丰富的地质资源,合理地开发会使其具有专业特色,娱乐性和趣味性。滨海地质旅游将促进旅游业的发展,在向现代化国际城市中发挥作用。