A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

旱地紫色土团聚体特征的指标比较

土壤团聚体是土壤肥力的基础，团聚体结构对土壤肥力有重要的影响。用团聚体几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)、粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)分别对紫色土团聚体及水稳性团聚体进行分析：几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)、粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)从不同角度反映紫色土团聚体特征；几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)对团聚体和水稳性团聚体分布均能较好地反映；粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)能更好地反映团聚体的水稳性和抗蚀性，是描述土壤团聚体水稳性和抗蚀性的新指标和新方法。     

KCl-KNO3-CH3OH/H2O和KNO3-NH4NO3-CH3OH/H2O三元体系在25℃时的溶解度

测定了 2 5℃时KCl KNO3 CH3 OH H2 O和KNO3 NH4NO3 CH3 OH H2 O三元体系的溶解度 ,并与 2 5℃时相应体系在水中的溶解度进行了比较。     

昆明城市主要街道绿化状况分析

通过对昆明城市11条主要街道的绿化状况的实际观测和563名城市居民的问卷调查所得资料的分析，发现：在所调查的主要街道中已有72.7%兴建了绿化带，大多是改造后的街道，显示了城市道路加大绿化的理念已在城市道路改造中得到了体现，并且得到了广大市民的认可，但是城市街道绿化仍存在较多问题：绿化程度不尽人意，特别是城市中心的繁华街道绿化程度仍较低，绿化树种单一，缺乏具有特色的本地树种，树龄老化现象也较突出，绿化树木种植缺乏规范性、系统性等等，距市民的期望还有较大差距。在研究分析的基础上对昆明城市街道绿化提出了建议。     

南岳衡山自然景观资源及其开发利用探讨

南岳衡山是中国南方唯一的一座五岳名山，也是中国历史上南方最大的文化、宗教活动中心，素享“五岳独秀”、“文明奥区”、“宗教圣地”、“抗战名山”等盛名，是中国第一批国家级风景名胜区，具有独特的景观美学价值、丰富的科学艺术内容、多彩的景观景目。经数千年人类文明洗礼，又使其积淀了深厚的历史文化，衡山的景观资源开发潜力巨大，但必须坚持可持续发展战略，开发与保护并重，加强规划，合理布局，进一步优化自然生态环境，推出南岳特色生态旅游精品系列，以满足当代旅游者回归自然、绿色消费的心理需求。     

Eco-environment range in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49×104 km2. Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24×104 km2. Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.     

土屋-延东斑岩型铜(钼)矿床多源信息找矿模型

为提高东天山铜镍成矿带内的矿产勘查效益，文章综合了区域成矿环境、矿床特征、地球物理场、地球化学场等成矿信息，尝试建立了土屋—延东斑岩型铜钼矿床的多源信息找矿模型。认为成矿带内铜矿资源远景良好，必将成为我国又一个铜矿资源潜力区。     

全球地球化学填图

作指出了1973年至今世界上50余项地球化学填图计划中普遍存在的缺陷大都涉及分析问题。1988－1992年实施的国际地质对比计划IGCP259项目旨在使全世界地球化学填图方法标准化。在此项目中对分析问题提出了若干规定，主要是要求今后的填图计划应统一分析71种元素，痕量及超痕量元素的检出限必须低于相应的地壳丰度值及采用中国的GSD和加拿大的STSD标样系列，以使全球数据可以对比，在其后开始延续至今的全球地球化学填图计划IGCP360，旨在用极低密度采样早日覆盖全球大陆，讨论了正在实行的两种极低密度采样方案，并提出通过极低密度采集地极少量样品示范性实现IGCP259项目对分析要求的具体建议。     

西藏尼玛地区古近纪美苏组的建立

通过1：25万邦多区幅地质调查，在尼玛县西部拉舍—岷千日一带发现一套基性—中性—酸性—酸碱性火山岩岩石组合，其时代属古新世—始新世，新创建美苏组。描述了该组的分布、岩性、岩相、古生物及同位素年代特征，讨论了其形成的构造环境。     

山东平邑归来庄碲型金矿床中黄铁矿的矿物学特征研究

归来庄贫硫氧化型低温热液碲金矿床中黄铁矿形成于3个世代，不同世代黄铁矿的S／Fe均小于2，硫的质量分数平均值50．9％(小于标准值53．4％)，显示出明显的硫元素匮乏。不同时期的黄铁矿在晶形上有较明显的差异，并出现环带、环边及交代环边等结构构造。随着成矿作用的不断进行，从成矿早阶段到晚阶段成矿热液中的硫由于硫化物的不断结晶而消耗，成矿热液中硫逸度持续降低，可供进入黄铁矿品格的硫越来越少。成矿晚期，成矿热液中的砷替代硫大量进入黄铁矿的晶格中而形成与归来庄金矿床成矿作用密切相关的富砷黄铁矿，对该类型矿床具有找矿勘探的指示意义。