Status of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coreius</Emphasis> species in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which, in turn, cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir, from impoundment of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China, may have affected native fish species. Thus, the status of two lotic freshwater fish species, Coreius heterodon and C. guichenoti, were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir, including fish abundance, individual composition, growth, condition, and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and, where available, from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance, slower growth, a less diversified age structure, poorer fish condition (indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore, after final impoundment, individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed, with young individuals becoming more abundant, while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.     

Latent spatio-temporal activity structures: a new approach to inferring intra-urban functional regions via social media check-in data

Abstract

This article introduces a novel low rank approximation (LRA)-based model to detect the functional regions with the data from about 15 million social media check-in records during a year-long period in Shanghai, China. We identified a series of latent structures, named latent spatio-temporal activity structures. While interpreting these structures, we can obtain a series of underlying associations between the spatial and temporal activity patterns. Moreover, we can not only reproduce the observed data with a lower dimensional representative, but also project spatio-temporal activity patterns in the same coordinate system. With the K-means clustering algorithm, five significant types of clusters that are directly annotated with a combination of temporal activities can be obtained, providing a clear picture of the correlation between the groups of regions and different activities at different times during a day. Besides the commercial and transportation dominant areas, we also detected two kinds of residential areas, the developed residential areas and the developing residential areas. We further interpret the spatial distribution of these clusters using urban form analytics. The results are highly consistent with the government planning in the same periods, indicating that our model is applicable to infer the functional regions from social media check-in data and can benefit a wide range of fields, such as urban planning, public services, and location-based recommender systems.     

青岛和烟台滨海海、气温差的时间变化

本文根据近３０ａ来青岛和烟台逐月气温及滨海水温资料，分析了青岛和烟台海、气温差的时间变化，发现秋、冬季节南岸青岛海、气温差大于北岸烟台；春、夏季则相反．通常当年平均或季平均气温为负距平时，年平均或冬季平均海、气温差为正距平，而夏季平均海、气温差为负距平，对于ＥｌＮｉｎｏ及反ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年结论与之相反．     

Implementation of positive-operator-value measurements for single spin qubit via Heisenberg model

This paper shows that a proposal for implementing all possible two-operator positive-operator-value measurements of single spin qubit can be obtained via introducing another spin qubit as ancilla. The realization process is accomplished from the free evolution of the Heisenberg XX model by considering nearest-neighbour spin interaction. A controlled-NOT gate, which is a significant operator for this scheme is also constructed and the generalisation to multiple-operator is considered finally.     

Using multivariate statistical techniques and geochemical modelling to identify factors controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry in a typical transitional area between Taihang Mountains and North China Plain

Identifying the key factors controlling groundwater chemical evolution in mountain-plain transitional areas is crucial for the security of groundwater resources in both headwater basins and downstream plains. In this study, multivariate statistical techniques and geochemical modelling were used to analyse the groundwater chemical data from a typical headwater basin of the North China Plain. Groundwater samples were divided into three groups, which evolved from Group A with low mineralized Ca-HCO₃ water, through Group B with moderate mineralized Ca-SO₄-HCO₃ water, to Group C with highly saline Ca-SO₄ and Ca-Cl water. Water-rock interaction and nitrate contamination were mainly responsible for the variation in groundwater chemistry. Groundwater chemical compositions in Group A were mainly influenced by dissolution of carbonates and cation exchange, and suffered less nitrate contamination, closely relating to their locations in woodland and grassland with less pronounced human interference. Chemical evolution of groundwater in Groups B and C was gradually predominated by the dissolution of evaporites, reverse ion exchange, and anthropogenic factors. Additionally, the results of the inverse geochemical model showed that dedolomitization caused by gypsum dissolution, played a key role in the geochemical evolution from Group A to Group B. Heavy nitrate enrichment in most groundwater samples of Groups B and C was closely associated with the land-use patterns of farmland and residential areas. Apart from the high loads of chemical fertilizers in irrigation return flow as the main source for nitrate contamination, the stagnant zones, flood irrigation pattern, mine drainage, and groundwater-exploitation reduction program were also important contributors for such high mineralization and heavy NO₃⁻ contents in Group C. The important findings of this work not only provide the conceptual framework for the headwater basin but also have important implications for sustainable management of groundwater resources in other headwater basins of the North China Plain.     

班公湖—怒江缝合带西段物玛地区原“晚古生代”混杂岩块中发现中生代化石

在班公湖—怒江缝合带西段铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带物玛地区,原划为上石炭统拉嘎组地层中新发现了中生代孢粉化石14种及未定种,这些化石的发现为将该地层修订为下白垩统多尼组提供了古生物学依据。上石炭统拉嘎组被修订后,研究区班公湖—怒江缝合带不再存在拉嘎组混杂在中生代地层中的现象。同时本次研究在铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带以南的冈底斯—腾冲地层区物玛分区原划为上石炭统拉嘎组中,发现中生代孢粉化石10种及未定种,并在其灰岩夹层中发现晚侏罗世珊瑚化石6种及未定种,同时在原划分为中二叠统下拉组中也发现晚侏罗世珊瑚化石。根据化石时代和区域地层对比,拉嘎组和下拉组分别被修定为上侏罗统萨波直不勒组和吐卡日组。至此,物玛分区的上侏罗统以萨波直不勒组和吐卡日组为代表,与其北侧的班公湖—怒江地层区上侏罗统可进行对比。本文以班公湖—怒江缝合带西段铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带为例,证实在混杂岩带开展古生物学研究非常必要。     

Water Vapor, Cloud, and Surface Rainfall Budgets Associated with the Landfall of Typhoon Krosa （2007）： A Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study

Water vapor, cloud, and surface rainfall budgets associated with the landfall of Typhoon Krosa on 6--8 October 2007 are analyzed based on a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated with imposed zonally-uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature, and vapor advection from NCEP/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. The simulation data that are validated with observations are examined to study physical causes associated with surface rainfall processes during the landfall. The time- and domain-mean analysis shows that when Krosa approached the eastern coast of China on 6 October, the water vapor convergence over land caused a local atmospheric moistening and a net condensation that further produced surface rainfall and an increase of cloud hydrometeor concentration. Meanwhile, latent heating was balanced by advective cooling and a local atmospheric warming. One day later, the enhancement of net condensation led to an increase of surface rainfall and a local atmospheric drying, while the water vapor convergence weakened as a result of the landfall-induced deprivation of water vapor flux. At the same time, the latent heating is mainly compensated the advective cooling. Further weakening of vapor convergence on 8 October enhanced the local atmospheric drying while the net condensation and associated surface rainfall was maintained. The latent heating is balanced by advective cooling and a local atmospheric cooling.     

圣帕台风暴雨的非地转湿Q矢量的诊断分析

利用WRF中尺度模式模拟了台风"圣帕"登陆后减弱成热带低压造成湖南省大暴雨的过程,使用模拟输出的高分辨率资料,借助非地转湿Q矢量对这次暴雨过程做了详细的诊断分析.结果表明:非地转湿Q矢量能比较清楚地揭示此次暴雨演变过程,尤其700 hPa的非地转湿Q矢量散度场对降水预报具有较好的指示意义,其散度辐合区域对应着降水的落区,散度辐合强度变化指示着降水强度的变化趋势,并且非地转湿Q矢量散度辐合强度的大小可预示着未来3～6 h降水的强弱,是具有预报价值的;非地转湿Q矢量散度是非地转ω方程的强迫项,并与地形条件共同作用激发了地面中尺度系统的发展与次级环流的形成,是此次暴雨得以发展与维持的机制.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用中尺度非静力平衡模式WRF-V2.1对2007年7月7-8日江淮地区一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分析其中的中尺度重力波(MGW)特征,并运用拉格朗日Rossby数(Ro)来诊断非平衡流特征.研究表明:这次暴雨过程中的中尺度重力波波长约为56～75 km,相速约12～19 m·s~(-1);在有利的大尺度环流形势下,地转调整机制是MGW产生的首要机制,Wave-CISK和地转调整为波动传播提供了充足的能量,使MGW在具有波导结构的大气中维持了相当长的时间;满足舶指标的不平衡运动区与重力波活动区十分接近,它对波动产生的时间和区域方面有一定的指示作用.