Plant Species Richness Affected Nitrogen Retention and Ecosystem Productivity in a Full‐Scale Constructed Wetland

The effects of plant species richness (SR; i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 species per plot) on substrate nitrate and ammonium retention and ecosystem productivity in a full‐scale constructed wetland (CW) with high nitrogen (N) input were studied. Substrate nitrate (0.1–16.4 mg kg^?1) and ammonium concentrations (1.3–9.2 mg kg^?1) in this study were higher than those in other comparable biodiversity experiments. Substrate nitrate concentration significantly increased while ammonium concentration significantly decreased with the increase of plant SR (p = 0.008 and 0.040, respectively). The response of ecosystem productivity to increasing SR was unimodal with four species per plot achieving the greatest productivity. Transgressive overyielding, which was compared to the most productive of corresponding monocultures, did not occur in most polycultures. We conclude that substrate N retention was enhanced by plant SR even with high N input, and plant SR could be managed to improve the efficiency of N removals in CWs for wastewater treatment.     

Water Quality Management Based on Division of Dry and Wet Seasons in Pearl River Delta,China

In the Pearl River Delta (PRD), river water quality deteriorates continually due to the population increase and ongoing industrialization and urbanization. In this study, a water quality management paradigm based on the seasonal variation is proposed. For better exploring the seasonal change of water quality, wavelet analysis was used to analyze the division of dry and wet seasons in the PRD during 1952–2009. Then water quality seasonal variation in 2008 and relevant impact factors were analyzed by multivariate statistic methods as a case to make some management measures. The results show that there are some differences of dry and wet seasons division among different years. Wet season mainly appear from April to September, which occupy the largest proportion among the 58 years (about 70%) and then followed by the wet season from May to October (about 13.8% of the total years). As to the water quality of 2008, significant differences exist between dry and wet seasons for 17 water quality parameters except TP, , Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Levels of parameters pH, EC, COD_Mn, BOD₅, , , and Cl^? in dry season are much higher than those in wet season. In dry season the variations of river water quality are mainly influenced by domestic sewage, industrial effluents, and salt water intrusion. While in wet season, except the aforementioned pollution sources, drainages from cultivated land and livestock farm are also the main factors influencing water pollution. Thus, water quality management measures are proposed in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The results obtained from this study would further facilitate water quality protection and water resources management in the PRD.     

引进印尼种大珠母贝繁育F1母贝植核育珠研究

以印度尼西亚引进大珠母贝亲本繁育的子代F1群体进行植核育珠,育珠贝数量8086只,在海区休养20d后,统计育珠母贝的成活率与留核率,比较3月与4月植核手术育珠贝的育珠性状差异。结果表明：休养期结束后,育珠贝的成活率与留核率分别为97.57％和90.69％;育珠期3个月时（6月17日）育珠贝的成活率为81.22％;4月植核育珠母贝的留核率与成活率明显高于在3月的植核育珠母贝,但两者之间差异不具统计学意义（P〉0.05）。     

龙泉山西麓山前断裂浅部构造特征及活动性

为研究龙泉山断裂在西麓山前的空间展布及浅部构造特征,开展了详细的野外地质调查、浅层地震和高密度电法剖面探测等工作,并在钻孔分析和年代学测试数据的基础上,探讨龙泉山山前断裂的活动性。结果表明,龙泉山西麓山前存在隐伏逆冲断裂,倾向南东,为龙泉山西坡断裂的分支,上断点止于全新世粘土层中,属于全新世活动断裂;龙泉山西坡分支断裂的存在证明龙泉山在抬升过程中不断向成都盆地逆冲挤压、扩展,其在龙泉山中段的存在证明龙门山构造应力具有非均匀性,而这种持续的构造变形所引起的地震风险不容忽视。     

Reconstruction of summer temperature variation from maximum density of alpine pine during 1917–2002 for west Sichuan Plateau, China

Having analyzed the tree ring width and maximum latewood density of Pinus densata from west Sichuan, we obtained different climate information from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density chronology. The growth of tree ring width was responded princi- pally to the precipitation in current May, which might be influenced by the activity of southwest monsoon, whereas the maximum latewood density reflected summer temperature （June-September）. According to the correlation relationship, a transfer function had been used to reconstruct summer temperature for the study area. The explained variance of reconstruction is 51% （F=52.099, p〈0.0001）. In the reconstruction series： before the 1930s, the climate was relatively cold, and relatively warm from 1930 to 1960, this trend was in accordance with the cold-warm period of the last 100 years, west Sichuan. Compared with Chengdu, the warming break point in west Sichuan is 3 years ahead of time, indicating that the Tibetan Plateau was more sensitive to temperature change. There was an evident summer warming signal after 1983. Although the last 100-year running average of summer temperature in the 1990s was the maximum, the running average of the early 1990s was below the average line and it was cold summer, but summer drought occurred in the late 1990s.     

全球变暖在继续

基于全球和中国的观测资料指出,无论全球还是中国,2001-2010年都是有仪器观测记录以来最暖的10年。虽然这10年内的温度上升趋势很弱,但并不意味着气候变暖已经停止。分季节来看,近10年（2001-2010年）冬季中国东北及新疆的气温低于前10年（1991-2000年）。然而,这种区域性和季节性的温度下降并没有影响全国、全年保持变暖的趋势。     

西藏阿里札达盆地香孜剖面孢粉分析

通过对西藏阿里札达盆地香孜剖面的孢粉分析,初步定出该地区新近纪和第四纪的界线,并得到更新世晚期以来该地区植被与环境发展的历史。约在2.68~2.45Ma期间,植被以乔木为主,主要为松、藜、蒿,属山地寒温气候;约在2.45~2.11Ma期间,草本植物迅速上升,气候变得干旱寒冷,显示出灌木草原气候特征;在2.11~1.49Ma期间,草本植物数量和种类达到之最,灌木相对增加,也显示气候进一步趋于干旱;在1.49~1.36Ma期间,草本植物有小幅下降,但蕨类植物增加幅度较大,显示了干冷草原气候特征。     

Multi-point source identification of sudden water pollution accidents in surface waters based on differential evolution and Metropolis–Hastings–Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Sudden water pollution accidents in surface waters occur with increasing frequency. These accidents significantly threaten people’s health and lives. To prevent the diffusion of pollutants, identifying these pollution sources is necessary. The identification problem of pollution source, especially for multi-point source, is one of the difficulties in the inverse problem area. This study examines this issue. A new method is designed by combining differential evolution algorithm (DEA) and Metropolis–Hastings–Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MH–MCMC) based on Bayesian inference to identify multi-point sudden water pollution sources. The effectiveness and accuracy of this proposed method is verified through outdoor experiments and comparison between DEA and MH–MCMC. The average absolute error of the sources’ position and intensity, the relative error and the average standard deviations obtained using the proposed method are less than those of DEA and MH–MCMC. Moreover, the relative error and the sampling relative error under four different standard deviations of measurement error (σ = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) are less than 2 and 0.11 %, respectively. The proposed method (i.e., DEMH–MCMC) is effective even when the standard deviation of the measurement error increases to 0.15. Therefore, the proposed method can identify sources of multi-point sudden water pollution accidents efficiently and accurately.     

海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应

根据“麦德姆”强台风登陆前后福建平潭岛海岸前丘、爬坡沙丘、横向沙丘和海岸沙席等海岸沙丘近表层的粒度数据,分析了台风登陆前后典型海岸沙丘近表层粒径组成与粒度参数的变化,初步总结了海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应特征。整体而言,平潭岛海岸沙丘在“麦德姆”登陆前后近表层的粒度变化较小,对台风的响应变化不大且基本无等级性的差别,但海岸沙丘不同类型及不同部位的响应程度并不一致,主要是由海岸沙丘沙与海滩沙粒度的相近性及台风过程中大风的非选择性风蚀所致,同时也受到不同类型沙丘的形态和规模等的影响。     

基于随机模拟的浑河冲洪积扇地区地下水压采风险预报

在分析随机因素对水位模拟结果影响程度的基础上建立地下水流随机模拟模型,可为地下水资源风险管理和决策提供重要依据。以浑河冲洪积扇地区为研究区,基于蒙特卡罗原理建立了区域地下水流随机预报模型,对压采条件下的地下水位上升进行风险预测和评价。参数灵敏度分析结果表明,地下水水位对含水层渗透系数的变化最敏感,其次是给水度,而对河床沉积物渗透系数和降雨入渗补给系数的灵敏性较差,且渗透系数和给水度在其率定值附近增加或减少时,灵敏度系数随之增加或减小。研究表明,压缩开采地下水资源能够有效缓解地下水水位下降带来的环境问题,地下水开采量以每年5%的速度压采时,区内地下水水位平均上涨3.3 m,但水位恢复的同时也可能诱发局部地下工程渗水,且地下建筑物的设计安全水位越低,渗水风险越大。