赤道暖池温跃层海温对低纬大气环流的影响

本文利用1967-1985年间,西太平洋137°E剖面(34°N-1°S)的深层海温调查资料及500hPa月平均图,首先分析了该剖面上深层海温变化的分布结构和年际变率特征,发现西太平洋赤道暖池温跃层(取纬度4°-8°N,厚度75-200米)海温年际间的变化与赤道逆流流量呈反位相的关系,在埃尔尼诺年期间,赤道逆流(自西向东)加强,赤道暖池温跃层海温下降.当埃尔尼诺结束时,赤道逆流流量迅速减小、温跃层海温上升在此基础上进一步研究了赤道暖池温跃层海温对低纬大气环流的影响,发现赤道暖池温跃层海温与低纬大气的关系比赤道东太平洋海表温度要明显,尤其是对夏季低纬大气和副热带高压强弱的关系更为密切,这一统计事实说明,赤道暖池温跃层海温的变化可能是影响低纬大气环流异常变化的重要热源.     

测量震源辐射的谱震级和谱地震图

为测量地震强度所做的努力已有100多年了。1935年,里克特用伍德-安德森地震仪记录的南加州地震建立了地方震震级标度M_L,所用地震波的周期范围为0.1～2s。1945年,古登堡(1945a)根据远震记录周期为(20±3)s的水平向面波建立了面波震级标度M_s;古登堡(1945b)还分别用平均周期为5s和10s的P波和S波引进了体波震级标度m_b。所有这些标度都是基于某些特定的周     

日本气象厅1977年的数值天气预报概况

日本气象厅业务上用的数值天气预报模式主要有两种。一是六层细网格有限区(亚洲)原始方程摸式(6L—FLM)。1973年10月1日投入业务,每天用00及12时(GMT—以下同)的资料作24小时预报。一是四层北半球原始方程模式,1975年1月27日投入业务,每天用00时的资料作24小时预报,用12时的资料作48小时预报。1976年12月1日起每周作两次72及96小时预报(每星期日、星期三)     

南半球的天气分析工作

一、历史概况 1972年,Taljaard曾对南半球天气分析的历史情况作过简要的回顾.他说,早在十九世纪中叶,就有人试图制作南半球部分地区的逐日天气图.对整个南半球第一次做系统的逐日地面分析是在1948年7月到1951年6月期间,这项工作是由麻省理工学院和美国天气局共同完成的.1951年,南非天气局开始执行全面的南半球分析计划,五十年代的分析结果被用来做了大量的研究工作.1958-1959年,苏联水文气象局为国际地球物理年分析了一系列南极天气图.1959年国际南极分析中心在墨尔本建立,把这项工作坚持到1965年.以后,研究工作转交给国际南极研究中心.1969年这个中心解散,澳大利亚气象局把分析和研究工作都承担了下来.     

On North Pacific circulation and associated marine debris concentration

Marine debris in the oceanic realm is an ecological concern, and many forms of marine debris negatively affect marine life. Previous observations and modeling results suggest that marine debris occurs in greater concentrations within specific regions in the North Pacific Ocean, such as the Subtropical Convergence Zone and eastern and western "Garbage Patches". Here we review the major circulation patterns and oceanographic convergence zones in the North Pacific, and discuss logical mechanisms for regional marine debris concentration, transport, and retention. We also present examples of meso- and large-scale spatial variability in the North Pacific, and discuss their relationship to marine debris concentration. These include mesoscale features such as eddy fields in the Subtropical Frontal Zone and the Kuroshio Extension Recirculation Gyre, and interannual to decadal climate events such as El Ni?o and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation/North Pacific Gyre Oscillation.     

Navy sonar and cetaceans: just how much does the gun need to smoke before we act?

Cetacean mass stranding events associated with naval mid-frequency sonar use have raised considerable conservation concerns. These strandings have mostly involved beaked whales, with common pathologies, including "bubble lesions" similar to decompression sickness symptoms and acoustic traumas. However, other cetacean species have also stranded coincident with naval exercises. Possible mechanisms for the strandings include a behavioral response that causes deep divers to alter their diving behavior, which then results in decompression sickness-like impacts. Current mitigation measures during military exercises are focused on preventing auditory damage (hearing loss), but there are significant flaws with this approach. Behavioral responses, which occur at lower sound levels than those that cause hearing loss, may be more critical. Thus, mitigation measures should be revised. A growing number of international bodies recognize this issue and have urged increasing scrutiny of sound-producing activities, but many national jurisdictions have resisted calls for increased protection.     

Response of estuarine meio- and macrofauna to in situ bioremediation of oil-contaminated sediment

Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of bioremediation for enhancing oil removal but the ecological effect on shoreline biota is unclear. Therefore, a field experiment was designed at an intertidal sandflat in SW England to assess the effects of nutrient addition to oiled sediments on meio- and macrofauna for a period of up to 45 weeks. Natural assemblages were exposed to different types of experimental treatments (no oil, oil alone, oil treated with slow-release fertiliser or liquid fertiliser). Bioremediation stimulated the microbial population and increased oil biodegradation. This, however, did not result in faster recolonisation rates of fertilised versus non-fertilised oiled sediments. Mild effects of oil and bioremediation treatments on benthic fauna were observed, including short-term shifts in dominance patterns. Decreased abundance of dominant species in the oiled compared to unoiled sediments resulted in significantly higher evenness of benthic assemblages within the first 11 weeks of the experiment.     

Toxicity of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in sediments to juvenile polychaete worms

Investigation of sediment contamination associated with a marine sewage outfall in Victoria (BC, Canada) found elevated concentrations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB). Juvenile polychaete worm (Neanthes) growth was significantly reduced at or near the outfall, roughly corresponding to elevated 1,4-DCB concentrations. There are few data on 1,4-DCB toxicity to marine organisms and no published literature on its toxicity to benthic marine organisms. To determine whether reduced polychaete growth (measured as dry weight) was due to 1,4-DCB exposure, a laboratory investigation was conducted. Uncontaminated marine sediment was spiked with 1,4-DCB and juvenile Neanthes were exposed in 20-d sublethal toxicity tests. There were no adverse effects on survival at any test concentration; mean survival was 80–100%. Statistically significant decreases in average dry weight only occurred at the highest 1,4-DCB concentration (19,900 μg/kg, dry weight); this represented a 1,4-DCB concentration more than 10 times higher than previously measured at the outfall (1710 μg/kg, dry weight). There were no adverse effects on survival or dry weight at the range of concentrations previously measured in sediments from the vicinity of the outfall.     

Transmissivity variations in mudstones

Many people in sub-Saharan Africa have to rely on meager water resources within mudstones for their only water supply. Although mudstones have been extensively researched for their low permeability behavior, little research has been undertaken to examine their ability to provide sustainable water supplies. To investigate the factors controlling the occurrence of usable ground water in mudstone environments, an area of Cretaceous mudstones in southeastern Nigeria was studied over a 3 yr period. Transmissivity (T) variations in a range of mudstone environments were studied. The investigations demonstrate that within the top 40 m of mudstones, transmissivity can be sufficient to develop village water supplies (T > 1 m2/d). Transmissivity is controlled by two factors: low-grade metamorphism and the presence of other, subordinate, lithologies within the mudstones. Largely unaltered mudstones (early diagenetic zone), comprising mainly smectite clays, are mostly unfractured and have a low T of < 0.1 m2/d. Mudstones that have undergone limited metamorphism (late diagenetic zone) comprise mixed layered illite/smectite clays, and ground water is found in widely spaced fracture zones (T > 1 m2/d in large fracture zones; T < 0.1 m2/d away from fracture zones). Mudstones that have been further altered and approach the anchizone comprise illite clays, are pervasively fractured, and have the highest transmissivity values (T > 4 m2/d). Dolerite intrusions in unaltered, smectitic mudstones are highly fractured with transmissivity in the range of 1 < T < 60 m2/d. Thin limestone and sandstone layers can also enhance transmissivity sufficiently to provide community water supplies.     

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine biota and coastal sediments from the Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

The composition and spatial distribution of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in biota and coastal sediments from four countries surrounding the Gulf (Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman). The levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), aliphatic unresolved mixture and PAHs in sediments and biota were relatively low compared to world-wide locations reported to be chronically contaminated by oil. Only in the case of the sediments collected near the BAPCO oil refinery in Bahrain, having concentrations of 779 μg g⁻¹ total petroleum hydrocarbon equivalents and 6.6 μg g⁻¹ ∑PAHs, can they be categorized as chronically contaminated. Some evidence of oil contamination was also apparent in sediments and bivalves around Akkah Head and Abu Dhabi in the UAE, and near Mirbat in Oman. Contaminant patterns in sediments and biota indicated that the PAHs were mainly from fossil sources, with the exception of the high PAH concentrations in sediments near the BAPCO refinery that contained substantial concentrations of carcinogenic PAH combustion products.