The Distances of Subclusters in the Virgo Area

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海底流体排出及甲烷水合物BSR形成机理

在大陆边缘海底之下几百米深度处普遍观察到BSR,这些沉积物经历近的构造固红或快速堆积,相信BSR与稳定的甲烷水合物（笼形物）的最深部位对应,我们提出了下模式,BSR水合物的形成是在运移着的孔隙流体进水合物稳定域时,由向上运移的孔隙流体排出甲烷,在这个模式里,大多数甲烷产生于水合物稳定带之下,但此深度不足以充分生热,甲烷初始属生物成因,该模式要求从孔隙流体中排出已分解的甲烷,或随孔隙流体向上搬运已散布的游离气,模式解释证据,水合物在稳定域底界处浓聚,大量的甲烷源包含在水合物内,BSRs仅在特殊环境下出现,在深积物正常沉积体制下,不会向上强裂排出流体进入不合物稳定域,,所以BSRs不普遍,由于俯冲带增生楔处构造加厚,荷载增加,引致流体向上排出,该地区快速沉积未固结成岩,这些地区水合物BSRs常见,当孔隙流体进入水合物流体＋水合物与流体域之间的严格边界,然而,需要形成水合物的甲烷数量源自深海钻井有关孔隙流体中烷浓度的有限资料暗示,从上升流体中有效的排出甲烷,可以包含比所需产生游离气的数量少,在大多数流体排出体制,流体向上运移至海底的数量足够连续排出过剩的氯化物及水合物形成时同位素分离的残余物,因此,当观察钻孔资料,没有大量氯化物或同位素异常残留在孔隙流体内,甲烷浓度与稳定域上或下的孔隙流体内CO2量之差别,可以对早期沉积物成岩反应有明显的影响。     

The movement of oil under non-breaking waves

The combined effects of wave kinematics, turbulent diffusion, and buoyancy on the transport of oil droplets at sea were investigated in this work using random walk techniques in a Monte Carlo framework. Six hundred oil particles were placed at the water surface and tracked for 500 wave periods. A dimensionless formulation was presented that allowed reporting distances in terms of the wave length and times in terms of the wave period. Stokes' drift was, expectedly, the major mechanism for horizontal transport. It was also found that plumes that have large terminal rise velocities move faster forward but spread less than those that have small terminal rise velocities. The increase in wave slope (or wave steepness) caused an increase in transport and spreading of the plume. Our results supported treating the oil as completely mixed vertically in a layer near the surface. In the horizontal direction, buoyant plumes had spreading coefficients that are essentially constant after about 200 wave periods. But neutrally buoyant plumes had horizontal spreading coefficients that increased with time (for the simulation time of 500 wave periods). Techniques for generalizing the results for a wide range of wave parameters were presented.     

南极长城站积雪及其消融过程

南极长城站区稳定积雪期始于4月中至6月初,8月中至10月达最大深度。1988年沿海地带一般积雪深度为0.6～0.8m,低洼处及建筑物附近可达1.2～1.6m,甚至超过1.8m;潮汐带雪盖下部温度受海冰影响普遍偏低;11月底至来年1月初的消融过程中,积雪表层常常处于相变区,雪层底部温度比冰点低0.02℃,融水下渗形成雪盖下部潜流;积雪相态及其温度变化与大气-雪感热通量的变化过程相对应,大气-雪感热交换是积雪消融的重要因子之一。     

Comparing methods and sediment contaminant indicators for determining produced water fate in a Louisiana estuary

Produced water is a high salinity by-product resulting from oil and gas production. Disposal methods include surface water discharge. The current field method used to determine its fate in estuarine systems involves extending a compass oriented transect (COT) from the point source discharge--a method designed for a uniformly dispersing effluent discharged into a uniform offshore environment that may be inappropriate for the hydrologic and geomorphologic complexities found in estuarine systems. Prior research established the viability of the salinity stratification transect (SST) method. Both COT and SST methods were used in a small open bay to determine which more accurately detected effluent dispersion. Determination was based on sediment contaminant indicators (SCIs), including interstitial salinity, hydrocarbons, metals, and radium concentrations. Additionally, SCIs were evaluated for their ability to serve as indicators of effluent dispersion. The data revealed that SST stations exhibited higher contaminant concentrations and that this approach was more accurate in tracking the produced water plume. The data also suggested that SCIs varied in their ability to serve as indicators. Good indicators included interstitial salinity, total targeted aromatic hydrocarbons substantiated with a modified fossil fuel pollution index value, certain metals, and radium-228.     

浅层高分辨率地震反射法在各种环境问题中的应用

浅层地震反射法已成功地应用于各种地质下沉和环境问题。记录仪器的动态范围的增大、处理硬件和软件费用的降低、使地震反射法成为一种具有高性能价格比的手段而应用于浅层目标成象之中。许多地区的地震资料都具有很高的分辨率，能探测出小于３ｍ位移造成的断层以及仅１ｍ厚的地层。目前，我们已经探测到了仅２ｍ深的浅层反射，还可以探测并成象地下２０ｍ内与废弃煤矿有关的地下空穴；地震反射法已成功地应用于受盐岩溶蚀矿影响的地     

Tricarbon monoxide in TMC-1

We report the measurement of three new lines of C3O in TMC-1. The observed peak antenna temperatures, appropriately corrected for atmospheric and telescope losses, are found to be consistent with a large velocity gradient radiative transfer model whose parameters span the range of standard values for this cloud. The derived fractional abundance for C3O is 1.4 x 10(-10), comparable with the results predicted from a model calculation based on a gas-phase ion-molecule reaction scheme. The results of negative searches for C3O in six other sources are not inconsistent with expected conditions in these clouds.