Mesoscale numerical study on the evolution of borehole breakout in heterogeneous rocks

Inherent heterogeneity of a rock strongly affects its mechanical behavior. We numerically study the mechanisms governing the initiation, propagation, and ultimate pattern of borehole breakouts in heterogeneous rocks. A two-dimensional finite element model incorporating material heterogeneity is established to systematically examine the effects of several key factors on borehole failure, including borehole diameter, far-field stress, and rock heterogeneity. The inherent heterogeneity of a rock is explicitly characterized by prescribing the rock mechanical properties of mesoscale elements statistically obeying the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to represent the constitutive law of the mesoscale element. We find that borehole diameter reduction remarkably changes the crack failure from tensile to shear and elevates the critical hydrostatic pressure. Far-field stress anisotropy strongly affects the shape of the borehole breakout. Rock heterogeneity dictates the location of the preferred crack under the hydrostatic stress, which leads to local stress concentration, and determines the types of breakouts around the borehole. Our findings facilitate in-depth understanding of the classic borehole stability problems in heterogeneous rocks.     

大气中水汽输送的气候学计算、分析方法的一个注释

关于水汽输送的计算,最早人们以平均风速和空气柱中的平均水汽含量的乘积作为水汽通量。后来,随着探空和测风资料的增多,开始采用先分层计算,尔后对高度积分的方法确定所讨论层次中的水汽输送。1954年,Starr又进一步将水汽通量分解为不同环流机制输送的各项,提出了平均输送与涡动输送的概念,并一直沿用至今。但是,我们在最近的工作中感到,涡动输送的含义比较复杂,如何理解它的物理内容,估计它的量级,并在此基础上确定水汽输送的合理的计算方案,仍有进一步探讨的必要。     

大港油田埕北断阶带油气运移、成藏期次及成藏模式

通过原油中类异戊二烯烃地球化学变化特征的对比分析,指出大港油田埕北断阶带的油气主运移方向是由北边的生油凹陷(歧口凹陷)向南(埕北断阶带)运聚和由西边的生油凹陷(歧南凹陷)向(北)东(张东地区、关家堡地区和埕海地区)运聚。利用流体包裹体、生排烃法、饱和压力法等方法技术,认为存在两个充注期:古近纪东营末期和新近纪明化镇末期—第四纪。结合输导体系研究成果,提出了4种油气成藏模式:沿连通砂体—不整合面侧向运聚成藏模式、沿断层垂向运聚成藏模式、沿连通砂体(不整合面)—断层阶梯状运聚成藏模式、源内砂岩透镜体运聚成藏模式。     

南秦岭宁陕地区月河坪夕卡岩型钼矿Re-Os年龄和矿床学特征

宁陕地区月河坪钼矿床位于南秦岭多金属成矿带,属于夕卡岩型钼矿。本文采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年方法,精确地测定月河坪钼矿的成矿时代。分析结果显示,5件辉钼矿样品Re-Os同位素模式年龄的变化范围小,集中在189.8Ma和195.4Ma之间,获得加权平均年龄值191.4±1.6Ma,与等时线回归计算得到的年龄值193.6±3.5Ma在误差范围内相吻合。结果说明成矿时代为早侏罗纪,成矿作用属于中国北部燕山期大规模成矿期的一部分。结合已报道的成矿年龄资料,月河坪钼矿床可能形成于扬子板块与华北板块的后碰撞造山作用过程,但有可能受到后期岩浆活动的改造和破坏。同时推测在南秦岭地区存在印支末期到燕山早期的成矿事件,这对于秦岭造山带尤其是南秦岭地区钼矿资源勘探具有借鉴意义。     

贫困山区旅游扶贫与生态环境耦合协调关系研究

贫困山区生态环境比较脆弱,为探寻旅游扶贫与生态环境二者之间的耦合协调关系,以贵州西部乌蒙山集中连片特困地区六盘水市为研究对象,建立旅游扶贫与生态环境耦合协调驱动机制框架模型和评价指标体系,以熵权法求出各评价指标的权重值,采用耦合协调度模型对六盘水市2003-2017年旅游扶贫与生态环境的综合发展水平和二者之间的耦合协调关系及变化趋势进行了研究。结果显示：旅游扶贫效率和生态环境保护效率分别对旅游扶贫系统和生态环境系统的贡献份额最大,六盘水市旅游扶贫与生态环境的耦合协调从“严重不协调”类型发展到“基本不协调-旅游扶贫滞后”类型,再发展到“基本协调-生态环境滞后”类型。在旅游扶贫高速发展驱动下,生态环境滞后问题已开始出现。因此,在以后制定旅游扶贫发展战略时应强调生态环境保护,改善生态环境质量,促进旅游扶贫开发,实现二者高度协调发展。     

渤海湾大风的特征及其预报

利用1988—2011年渤海湾两个站的大风资料,对渤海湾多年大于17m/s强风特点进行分析,发现冬季以西北风为主,春、夏、秋季以东北风为主,偶尔会出现偏南风。渤海湾海面大于10级的强风主要出现在10月、11月和12月。强风年分布特征呈两峰两谷型,最多月份是11月,最少月份是8月。根据天气学原理和因子统计筛选,发现强风的极大风速与当日最大风速有较好的相关性;对不同下垫面(海面、陆面)分别建立了极大风速与当日最大风速的预报方程。预报方程通过了α=0.01的显著性检验。方程回代拟合率达到75%~94%。将WRF数值预报计算出当日的最大风速值进行订正、代入预报方程、快速计算出强阵风,为灾害性大风预报提供了客观、有效的预报手段。     

全国大部气温偏高中东部大雾频繁

2月,冷空气活动偏弱,全国大部气温比常年同期偏高,19个省(市、区)的月平均气温创下1951年以来历史同期最高纪录;全国平均降水量较常年同期略偏多,华北东部、西北东部、川渝等地的部分地区旱情持续或发展;中东部地区频繁出现大雾天气;云南、黑龙江、新疆等地的部分或局部地区遭受雪灾和低温冷冻灾害;南方部分地区出现持续阴雨天气;辽宁、内蒙古、新疆等地的部分地区遭受沙尘和大风天气袭击。1天气概况1.1降水2月全国平均降水量为18.0mm,较常年同期(16.4mm)略偏多。月降水量,东北东部、黄淮及其以南大部地区一般在10mm以上,其中江汉、江淮西部…     

Distribution and temporal variation of cadmium in the St. Lawrence river basin

Samples of raw water were collected at regular intevals at two transects in the St. Lawremce River and four of its tributaries from March to November 1991 and from April to June 1992. Water samples were analyzed for both the dissolved and the particulate phase for cadmium (Cd), organic carbon, iron and manganese. Mean dissolved Cd concentration was 10±5 ng/L and no spatial variability was observed. Higher concentrations were found during high flow periods, suggesting an uptake of cadmium by phytoplankton during summer. In addition, dissolved cadmium did not appear to be associated with either DOC, dissolved Fe or dissolved Mn. The mean particulate Cd concentration was 1.3±1.1 μg/g, with almost all stations presenting the same concentration except the Yamaska River, which had a concentration of 0.5±0.2 μg/g. Particulate Cd showed a negative correlation with suspended particulate matter and a positive correlation with particulate organic carbon and particulare manganese. Fifty-nine percent of the cadmium was found to be in the particulate phase. Partition coefficients for cadmium (Kd), organic carbon (Kc), iron (KdFe) and manganese (KdMn) were calculated for each sample. Log Kd varied from 3.9 to 5.9, with an average of 5.0±0.4. Log Kd decreased with increasing particulate, matter as did Log Kc and Log KdMn. No significant correlation was found between Log Kd and Log Kc, suggesting that the distribution of cadmium between the dissolved and the particulate phase is not influenced by the distribution of organic carbon. In contrast, positive correlations were observed between Log Kd, Log KdFe and Log KdMn. Cadmium distribution appears to be influenced by Fe and Mn distribution.     

寿光市蔬菜品质与农业地质背景关系

根据寿光市蔬菜种植区种植特征,采用对部分茄果类蔬菜、水、土的样品抽样测试、数理统计、相关分析等方法,得出蔬菜的品质与农业地质背景存在一定的相关性,以及土壤有选择蔬菜品种性,蔬菜在品质上有选择农业地质条件性的结论。     

江苏宜兴地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价

城市地下空间开发利用地质环境适宜性评价涉及多方面的复杂不确定因素。以江苏宜兴为例,将影响城市地下空间开发利用的因素划分为区域稳定性、地形地貌、水文地质条件、不良土体、地质灾害等,运用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,将各个指标数值化,结合灰色关联度分析法,根据灰色数学理论计算出评价母序列与各评价序列之间的关联度,最终确定研究区地下空间开发利用地质环境适宜性等级。结果表明,宜兴约有55%面积的地下空间具备良好的开发前景,约40%面积的地下空间开发前景一般,仅有5%面积的地下空间开发利用适宜性差。研究成果可为宜兴市地下空间开发的规划、设计、施工等提供参考。