Ballasting outside port to prevent spread of butyltin from merchant ships

Most international discussions on ballast water management onboard ships have been virtually on the prevention of the transport of biotic alien species. This study focuses on how to improve this limited knowledge regarding the transport of butyltin compounds via ballasting. Butyltin compounds in ballast water, extracted from three sea-going merchant ships with similar voyage routes and berth ports but with different ballasting practices, were determined. Only monobutyltin (8–57 ng l^?1) and dibutyltin (10–32 ng l^?1) onboard two general cargo ships were detected in the ballast water taken outside the ports. In contrast, significant tributyltin (23–93 ng l^?1) was detected onboard the container ship in the ballast water pumped inside the loading/unloading ports. The comparison results from this study indicate that the risk of tributyltin transfer may be effectively prevented by ballasting outside the ports.     

2004年夏季台湾浅滩及其邻近海域悬浮体成分与分布特征

本文根据2004年7月25日至8月10日在台湾浅滩及其邻近海域获取的悬浮体样品,采用了"微孔滤膜法"取得数据,利用偏光显微镜、体视显微镜和扫描电镜及能谱分析,结果表明:悬浮体含量在水平分布上为由近岸向外逐渐降低,总体上表层悬浮体含量高于底层;悬浮体的成分包括粗颗粒组份(它生矿物碎屑、自生矿物和生源碎屑)和细颗粒组份(无机矿物颗粒和超微生源颗粒),其中表层矿物碎屑分布特征为由岸向外递减,底层矿物碎屑则为近岸低、浅滩区高和浅滩外侧低;自生矿物和表层生源碎屑都具有自岸向外增加的特点;细颗粒组份中无机矿物颗粒为主,超微生源颗粒含量较少.研究区悬浮体分布受水文因素、物质来源及海底地形的影响,中国大陆陆源输入影响研究区悬浮体成分及其分布特征.     

Measuring information content from observations for data assimilations: connection between different measures and application to radar scan design

The previously derived formulations for using the relative entropy and Shannon entropy difference ( SD ) to measure information content from observations are revisited in connection with another known information measure—degrees of freedom for signal, which is defined as the statistical average of the signal part of the relative entropy. For a linear assimilation system, the statistical average of the relative entropy reduces to the SD . The formulations are extended for four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar). The extended formulations reveal that the information content increases (or decreases) as the model error increase (or decrease) and/or become strongly (or weakly) correlated in 4-D space. These properties are also highlighted by illustrative examples, and the extended formulations are shown to be potential useful for designing optimum phased-array radar scan configurations to maximize the extractable information contents from radar observations by a 4DVar analysis system.     

Formation of saddle dolomites in Upper Cambrian carbonates, western Tarim Basin (northwest China): Implications for fault-related fluid flow

The saddle dolomites occur more intensely in cores closely to fault than that in cores far away from the fault in Upper Cambrian carbonate of western Tarim basin, suggesting that formation of the saddle dolomites is likely related to fault-controlled fluid flow. They partially fill in fractures and vugs of replacement dolomite. The saddle dolomites exhibit complex internal textures, commonly consisting of core and cortex. In comparison with the matrix dolomites, the saddle dolomites show lower Sr-content and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, higher Fe- and Mn-content, and more negative δ¹⁸O values. Combined with high Th (100–130 °C) of primary fluid inclusions, it is suggested that the saddle dolomites precipitated from hydrothermal fluid derived from the deep evaporite-bearing Middle Cambrian strata, and the magnesium source may be due to dissolution of host dolomite during hydrothermal fluid migration. Fault activity resulted in petrographic and geochemical difference of the core and cortex of the saddle dolomites. The cores precipitated from the formation water mixed by deep brines at the early stage of fault activity, and the cortexes precipitated from the deep fluid with higher temperatures through the Middle Cambrian later. In summary, the formation of the saddle dolomites implies a hydrothermal fluid event related to fault activity, which also resulted in high porosity in Upper Cambrian carbonate in western Tarim Basin.     

Wind impact on pollutant transport in a shallow estuary

A three-dimensional numerical model, EFDC （ environmental fluid dynamics code） is applied to the Pamlico River Estuary （PRE） in eastern North Carolina of the United States to examine the wind impact on pollutant age distributions and residence time. A series of model experiments representing base case, remote-wind-induced water level set-up and local winds cases are conducted. Model results indicate that the pollutant mean age and the system residence time are functions of gravitational circulation in the PRE. The system responses to remote-wind-induced water level set-up are different in different portions of the PRE. Under such condition, dissolved substances in the upstream portion of the PRE have a younger age and shorter residence time （compared with the base case） , by contrast, they have a older age and longer residence time in the downstream portion of the PRE. Upriver and downriver local winds appear to have opposite impacts on pollutant age distributions. The substances are retained much longer within the PRE under upriver wind than those under downriver wind. The model results also suggest that across - river winds may lead to longer residence time through enhanced turbulence mixing, which slows down the gravitational circulation in the PRE.     

利用ITS-5.8S rDNA序列对2株海洋亚历山大藻进行的分子鉴定

扩增2株分离自青岛胶州湾、从形态上初步确定为亚历山大藻属(Alexandrium sp. qd2, Alexandrium sp. qd3)的5.8S 核糖体基因(5.8S rDNA), 转录单元内间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer, ITS) 序列、部分18S rDNA和28S rDNA序列.通过blastn比对、系统进化树以及遗传距离分析将A.sp.qd2和A.sp.qd3鉴定为A.catenella,且属于A.catenella 的不同株型.     

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中Cu，Zn，Pb，Cr的分布特征

2005年10月-12月,对长江口北部和江苏南部海域进行了较为全面的沉积物化学调查,调查海域范围较广、布点密度较高,为全面深入地研究该海域的底质分布状况积累了重要的资料.分析研究了其中的表层沉积物中重金属Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr含量的分布特征;讨论了重金属与有机质的相关性,并以有机质含量作为环境因素的校正因子,判别了异常值;Cu,Zn,Pb的含量相互之间也呈明显正相关,除了由于三者有相似的地球化学性质之外,可能表明它们在本调查海域有相似的污染源.以平均富集因子对重金属的富集状况进行了评价,结果表明Cu为中度污染,Zn,Pb,Cr均为轻度污染,重金属的富集程度Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb.     

“源-汇”景观格局的热岛效应研究——以武汉市为例

论文基于2017年Landsat 8遥感影像,通过GIS技术选取城市地表温度、源汇景观密度、源汇景观贡献度和景观效应指数,结合地理空间分析和数理统计方法,分析了武汉市局部源汇景观格局对城市地表温度的贡献及其效应。结果表明：① 武汉市城区热岛(urban heat island, UHI)季节变化明显,夏季热岛强度大、范围广,呈“大”字型分布,工业集聚区和经济开发区产生的UHI更显著;② 武汉市城区平均地表温度(land surface temperature, LST)在距市中心约8 km处达到峰值后沿城乡梯度逐渐下降,呈现“倒钩型”特征,这一现象与景观密度变化密切相关;③ LST与源(正向)、汇(负向)景观密度存在极强相关性,不透水表面是城区热岛的主要贡献因子;④ 相同密度的水体和绿地,水体更具有削弱城市热岛效应的功能;⑤ 一般当汇-源景观面积比>0.89(汇区密度>0.47)时,局部景观格局对城市热岛有缓解作用,且局部汇区越集中缓解效果越显著。     

一种空间域矢量地图数据盲水印算法

对目前已有的针对二雏矢量数据的水印算法进行了分析,并提出了一种新的鲁棒的盲水印算法.该算法首先将矢量数据分块,然后在不同分块中,结合密钥修改某些点的x坐标或者y坐标,从而嵌入水印信息.实验证明,该算法对平移、坐标转换、制图综合、插值等常规操作以及地物对象顺序置乱等攻击具有较好的鲁棒性,并且是一种盲检算法,具有较好的实用价值.