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61.
T. S. R. Babbedge M. Rowan-Robinson M. Vaccari J. A. Surace C. J. Lonsdale D. L. Clements F. Fang D. Farrah A. Franceschini E. Gonzalez-Solares E. Hatziminaoglou C. G. Lacey S. Oliver N. Onyett I. Pérez-Fournon M. Polletta F. Pozzi G. Rodighiero D. L. Shupe B. Siana H. E. Smith 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,370(3):1159-1180
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E. Hatziminaoglou P. Cassata G. Rodighiero I. Pérez-Fournon A. Franceschini A. Hernán-Caballero F. M. Montenegro-Montes A. Afonso-Luis T. Jarrett G. Stacey C. Lonsdale F. Fang S. Oliver M. Rowan-Robinson D. Shupe H. E. Smith J. Surace C. K. Xu E. A. González-Solares 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,364(1):47-58
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Boundary layers between different environmental compartments represent critical interfaces for biological, chemical and physical processes. The sea-surface microlayer (uppermost 1-1000 microm layer) forms the boundary layer interface between the atmosphere and ocean. Environmental processes are controlled by the SML, and it is known to play a key role in the global distribution of anthropogenic pollutants. Due to its unique chemical composition, the upper organic film of the SML represents both a sink and a source for a range of pollutants including chlorinated hydrocarbons, organotin compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. These pollutants can be enriched in the SML by up to 500 times relative to concentrations occurring in the underlying bulk water column. The SML is also a unique ecosystem, serving as an important habitat for fish eggs and larvae. Concentration ranges and enrichment factors of pollutants in the SML in different areas of the world's oceans have been critically reviewed, together with available toxicity data for marine biota found within the SML. Overall, the SML is highly contaminated in many urban and industrialized areas of the world, resulting in severe ecotoxicological impacts. Such impacts may lead to drastic effects on the marine food web and to fishery recruitment in coastal waters. Studies of the toxicity of fish eggs and larvae exposed to the SML contaminants have shown that the SML in polluted areas leads to significantly higher rates of mortality and abnormality of fish embryos and larvae. 相似文献
67.
Characterization of Compass M-1 signals 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
André Hauschild Oliver Montenbruck Jean-Marie Sleewaegen Lennard Huisman Peter J. G. Teunissen 《GPS Solutions》2012,16(1):117-126
An analysis of observations from China’s first medium earth orbit satellite Compass M-1 is presented, with main focus on the
first orbit and clock solution for this satellite. The orbit is computed from laser ranging measurements. Based on this orbit
solution, the apparent clock offset is estimated using measurements from two GNSS receivers, which allow Compass tracking.
The analysis of the clock solutions reveals unexpectedly high dynamics in the pseudorange and carrier-phase observations.
Furthermore, carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange noise, and multipath are analyzed and compared to GPS and GIOVE.
The results of the clock analysis motivate further research on the signals of the geostationary satellites of the Compass
constellation. 相似文献
68.
Maria Salonen Tuuli ToivonenJean-Michel Cohalan Oliver T. Coomes 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):501-513
Quantitative measures of accessibility are increasingly used in land cover change modeling and in assessing human pressure on the environment. In riverine Amazonia the significance of physical accessibility for biodiversity, land use patterns and economic livelihoods is widely acknowledged, but attempts to quantify accessibility in practice have been few in number. In this study we compare different distance- and frequency-based measures of spatial accessibility and develop a quantitative model of accessibility patterns for the north-eastern Peruvian Amazonia where rivers form the core of the transportation network. We model accessibility between the rural areas of the Loreto region and the capital city of Iquitos, using different distance algorithms in a geographic information system, and complement the distance model with information on river boat frequencies and transport capacities. Patterns of accessibility are visualized in terms of potential production zones for different types of agricultural and non-timber forest products.This study demonstrates how results from different accessibility measures vary considerably. The mean Euclidean distance to Iquitos is almost 270 km, the mean network distance nearly 760 km and the mean travel time 70 h. Observed network distances from validation points to Iquitos are on average 1.6 times longer than Euclidean distances, and for the whole study area, the average ratio between modeled network distances and Euclidean distances is 3.1. The correlation between network distances and time distances is very strong, but time distances are relatively shorter along the major channels where boat traffic is considerably faster than along narrow, tightly meandering rivers. Measures of boat frequency and transport capacity show that availability of transport possibilities is highly varying across the region. These measures provide insights into the ’thickness’ of trade, indicating the level of market integration for riverine settlements. We conclude that quantifying accessibility in an environment like Peruvian Amazonia requires measures that take into account the spatial structure and dynamic nature of the riverine transportation network. Time as a unit of distance provides the most relevant measure of accessibility in the Amazonian context, where many human actions and traditional livelihoods are controlled by travel times between the regional core and the hinterland. 相似文献
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Oliver Hahn Cristiano Porciani Avishai Dekel C. Marcella Carollo 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,398(4):1742-1756
We explore a possible origin for the puzzling anti-correlation between the formation epoch of galactic dark-matter haloes and their environment density. This correlation has been revealed from cosmological N -body simulations and is in conflict with the extended Press–Schechter model of halo clustering. Using similar simulations, we first quantify the straightforward association of an early formation epoch with a reduced mass-growth rate at late times. We then find that a primary driver of suppressed growth, by accretion and mergers, is tidal effects dominated by a neighbouring massive halo. The tidal effects range from a slowdown of the assembly of haloes due to the shear along the large-scale filaments that feed the massive halo to actual mass loss in haloes that pass through the massive halo. Using the restricted three-body problem, we show that haloes are prone to tidal mass loss within 1.5 virial radii of a larger halo. Our results suggest that the dependence of the formation epoch on environment density is a secondary effect induced by the enhanced density of haloes in filaments near massive haloes where the tides are strong. Our measures of assembly rate are particularly correlated with the tidal field at high redshifts z ∼ 1 . 相似文献