南亚热带全新世火灾记录的气候变化及人类影响

选取华南沿海丘陵山地3个南亚热带不同地点及海拔的钻孔岩芯进行了微炭屑统计分析,结合孢粉分析结果,揭示全新世以来的植被变化与火灾历史,并探讨火灾事件与季风变化和人类活动的关系。结果表明：从8 000―3 500 cal. a B.P.,3个钻孔的微炭屑浓度均极低,证明该时段森林火灾频率很低,同时高木本含量的孢粉分析结果反映了亚热带阔叶林的繁盛,并指示全新世大暖期湿润和降雨丰沛的气候特征。加上早中全新世南方人口稀少,无“刀耕火种”等大面积农业活动。从3 500 cal. a B.P.开始,多个钻孔显示出微炭屑含量的迅速增加并持续高值,这与华南地区夏季风减弱导致降雨减少、气候变干,以及华南地区人类历史从新石器晚期进入商周时代的转折期密切相关。同时,孢粉指示的阔叶类木本植物含量显著减少,表明火灾对森林破坏逐渐严重。2 000 cal. a B.P.以后,人口出现第一次增长高峰,考古出土的器物证明牛耕和铁器农具开始广泛使用,农业快速发展。这一时期低海拔的GY1和中海拔的LTY钻孔微碳屑含量维持高值,禾本科以及芒萁属等次生植物孢粉含量快速增加。这反映了秦或南越国以后在华南地区较低海拔山地和平原农业活动得到迅速发展。此外,位于海拔1 600 m以上的钻孔GT-2的微碳屑记录显示：高海拔山区在800 cal. a B.P.以后才开始出现频繁的森林火灾,反映人类农业活动和人口增加扩张到高海拔山区。     

Applicability Research on the Dip Slope with Interbeddings of Weak and Strong Rocks Using Strength Reduction Method

Based on the combination of FLAC^3D software and strength reduction method, the applicability of three kinds of instability criterion of the stability of dip slopes with interbeddings of weak and hard rocks is studied. Then the failure process, failure mode and stability of the slopes are analyzed. The results show that: (1) the maximum unbalance rate affects the final calculated results; there is no certain relation between the convergence of calculation and the slope stability. The convergence of the displacement curves of key points and the ultimate displacement values should also be concerned to determine the slope stability. The maximum unbalance rate and the amplitude of the reduction affect the determination of the characteristic point in the displacement curve. It is difficult to quantitatively evaluate the shear strain rate when judging the slope stability, the judgment is not convenient and the error is large. Combining with calculation convergence criterion and feature point displacement mutation criterion is helpful to improve the accuracy of judgment on the limit state of the slope. (2) Slope deformation and failure process can be roughly divided into four stages qualitatively; the rock mass has buckling failure can be divided into three stages according to the deformation characteristics. The potential shear export of slope with buckling failure locates above the slope toe. Different combinations of weak and strong rock thickness does not affect the failure mode of slope, which all bellows to buckling failure mode, but it will affect the slope stability coefficient; with the increase of the thickness of strong rock and weak rock, the stability coefficient increases. If the thickness of the strong rock increases, the stability coefficient increases as well when the thickness ratio is constant.     

不同院校空间信息与数字技术专业核心课程设置的比较与探讨

空间信息与数字技术是教育部目录外专业,一级学科隶属测绘科学与技术,自2004年招生以来,国内开办该专业的院校已经达到六所。针对该专业核心课程设置问题,从课程体系及分类入手,通过比较国内相关院校的培养方案中的课程设置,分析了当前课程设置的特点,初步提出了空间信息与数字技术的核心课程体系。     

基于遥感和GIS的福建省海岸线的提取和变化研究

海岸线是陆地和水体交界的重要标识,海岸带是我国第一海洋经济区域,研究海岸线的变化对海岸带生态环境研究具有重要的意义.本研究利用遥感和GIS技术获取了福建省2002、2006、2010年3个时期的Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像数据,采用目视解译和自动解译的方法分别提取出了各时期的福建省海岸线,进行叠加分析,对比统计3个时期福建省海岸线的变化特征和变化程度,总结分析了其变化趋势和变化原因.结果表明,在2002~2010的8a时间里,福建省的海岸线长度整体为增长趋势,共计增长了291.84 km,三沙湾区域和泉州附近变化较大,厦门岛内变化也较大.其中泥沙淤积、填海造地、港口建设和渔业设施建设这4个因素为主要增长因素.     

基于多GNSS融合的GPS PPP模糊度固定方法

通过BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合的方式加速PPP的收敛,利用整数相位钟法实现GPS PPP模糊度的固定,并通过6个MGEX测站的数据进行PPP动态实验。结果表明,固定解的精度优于浮点解,而基于BDS/GPS/GLONASS融合的PPP固定解定位精度优于单GPS PPP固定解;GPS固定解PPP平均模糊度首次固定时间（TTFF）为46.1 min,而基于BDS/GPS/GLONASS融合的固定解PPP首次固定时间仅为25.8 min,相应的模糊度固定率也由78.6%增加到87.4%。     

哈雷彗星1986年光谱的谱线证认

1986年3—4月间,哈雷彗星的日心距为1和1.5 A.U.附近。我们使用云南天文台1米RCC望远镜和卡焦摄谱仪,取得了7张长狭缝光谱。这是我国唯一的一组哈雷彗星长狭缝光谱。光谱色散度为165(?)/mm,分辨率不小于7(?)。本文主要给出6张Kodak 103_a-O底片上3000—5100(?)波段的谱线证认结果。光谱片上主要出现了CN、C_2、C_3、CH、NH、OH等分子发射线,还可能存在NH_2、CH~+、N、H_2CO等发射线。光谱中连续辐射、吸收线较强,离子谱线少而弱,表明哈雷彗星是富尘的。OH(3090)发射线的出现既证实了卫星观测结果,又说明云南天文台的紫外观测条件是优越的。     

内蒙古巴音杭盖金矿床稳定同位素研究

稳定同位素研究表明：巴音杭盖金矿床成矿流体中水早期来自岩浆 水，晚期有天水的加入；硫为来源于下元古界宝音图群地层，在成岩过程 中进入岩浆并形成硫的均一化；铅为壳幔混合源。成矿与喜山期地幔流体 的活动有关，它在成岩成矿过程中起主导作用。     

地震数据互相关驱动的多道反演方法

地震反演是储层定量描述和地震油气识别的关键技术,反演结果在复杂构造区域的横向连续性和保真性是影响地震资料定量解释精度的重要因素.基于此,本文发展了地震数据互相关驱动的多道反演方法.考虑地层反射系数与地震数据在结构上具有相似性的特点,基于地震数据互相关描述地层反射系数的结构特征,并将其作为多道地震反演的横向约束条件;此外,为改善地震数据本身横向连续性差对反演结果的影响,在目标泛函的惩罚项中引入局部优化算子,构建了一个易于求解的多道地震反演目标泛函.与常规多道地震反演方法相比,本文方法能够设计更合理、更符合实际情况的横向约束算子,提高反演结果的横向连续性,并且能有效降低地震资料质量对反演结果的影响.模型测试和实际应用验证了本方法的可靠性和稳定性.     

17111911年昆明雨季降水的分级重建与初步研究

利用清代档案和其他文献资料,重建了1711¹911年间昆明雨季降水的分级序列。在重建中采取了纠偏措施,有效地解决了资料存在的系统偏差问题。对重建序列的分析表明,昆明降水存在较大的波动,可以分为4个大的时段。总的来说,18世纪的雨季降水略少于19世纪。和喜马拉雅山区达索普冰芯恢复的印度季风降水序列的比较表明,19世纪70年代是两个序列中降水量最多的10年,且19世纪后半期同是两个序列波动较大的时期。但也有不一致的地方,说明两地降水机制有所差别。同时太阳活动的世纪周期对昆明的雨季降水有影响。对中间分辨率资料的开拓利用,有助于拓展高分辨率历史气候序列重建的范围。     

Reconstruction of the starting time series of rainy season in Yunnan and the evolvement of summer monsoon during 1711–1982

According to the textual research into the historical documents dominated by ar-chives yearly, as well as the verification with several other kinds of data, the later or earlier starting time of the rainy seasons in Yunnan during 1711–1982 has been reconstructed. The analysis indicates that there are obvious fluctuations in the starting date of the rainy seasons in Yunnan in a year or years, and long fluctuation on the decadal scale. The rainy season comes earlier in the early 18th century, later in the 19th century and earlier again in the 20th century. This reflects to a certain degree the gradual change of the summer monsoon in Yunnan. There exists an obvious quasi-3 years cycle, which is related to El-Nino’s quasi-3 years cycle, and a 11.3-year cycle which is notably related to the 11-year cycle of the solar activity of starting date of the rainy seasons in Yunnan. Meanwhile, the dissertation finds that the El-Nino is very important to the starting date of the rainy seasons in Yunnan. The starting date of the rainy seasons in Yunnan often comes later or normally in the year of El-Nino. However, there is an obvious imperfect period in such influence, which in turn may mean that there is a certain fluctuation in the effect of ENSO on Asian summer monsoon.