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91.
Our ability to accurately predict the response of forests in eastern North America to future climatic change is limited by our knowledge of how different tree species respond to climate. When the climatic response of eastern hemlock is modeled across its range, we find that the assumed climatic response used in simulation models is not sufficient to explain how this species is presently responding to climate. This is also the case for red spruce growing in the northern Appalachian Mountains. Consequently, simulations of future change to forests that include eastern hemlock and red spruce may need to be improved. We suspect that similar findings will be made when other tree species are studied in detail using tree-ring analysis. If so, our present understanding of how individual tree species respond to climate may not be adequate for accurately predicting future changes to these forests. Tree-ring analysis can increase our understanding of how climate affects tree growth in eastern North America and, hence, provide the knowledge necessary to produce more accurate predictions. 相似文献
92.
Ian Cartwright Julie Vry Michael Sandiford 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,120(3-4):292-310
The Mount Lofty Ranges comprises interlayered marbles, metapsammites, and metapelites that underwent regional metamorphism during the Delamarian Orogeny at 470–515 Ma. Peak metamorphic conditions increased from lowermost biotite grade (350–400°C) to migmatite grade (700°C) over 50–55 km parallel to the lithological strike of the rocks. With increasing metamorphic grade, 18O values of normal metapelites decrease from 14–16 to as low as 9.0, while 18O values of calcite in normal marbles decrease from 22–24 to as low as 13.2 These isotopic changes are far greater than can be accounted for by devolatilisation, implying widespread fluid-rock interaction. Contact metamorphism appears not to have affected the terrain, suggesting that fluid flow occurred during regional metamorphism. Down-temperature fluid flow from synmetamorphic granite plutons (18O=8.4–8.6) that occur at the highest metamorphic grades is unlikely to explain the resetting of oxygen isotopes because: (a) there is a paucity of skarns at granite-metasediment contacts; (b) the marbles generally do not contain low-XCO2 mineral assemblages; (c) there is insufficient granite to provide the required volumes of water; (d) the marbles and metapelites retain a several permil difference in 18O values, even at high metamorphic grades. The oxygen isotope resetting may be accounted for by along-strike up-temperature fluid flow during regional metamorphism with time-integrated fluid fluxes of up to 5x109 moles/m2 (105 m3/m2). If fluid flow occurred over 105–106 years, estimated intrinsic permeabilities are 10-20 to 10-16m2. Variations in 18O at individual outcrops suggest that time-integrated fluid fluxes and intrinsic permeabilities may locally have varied by at least an order of magnitude. A general increase in XCO2 values of marble assemblages with metamorphic grade is also consistent with the up-temperature fluid-flow model. Fluids in the metapelites may have been derived from these rocks by devolatilisation at low metamorphic grades; however, fluids in the marbles were probably derived in part from the surrounding siliceous rocks. The marble-metapelite boundaries preserve steep gradients in both 18O and XCO2 values, suggesting that across-strike fluid fluxes were much lower than those parallel to strike. Up-temperature fluid flow may also have formed orthoamphibole rocks and caused melting of the metapelites at high grades.This paper is a contribution to IGCP Project 304 Lower Crustal Processes 相似文献
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96.
Andrés Maldonado Alberto Palanques Belén Alonso Kim A. Kastens C. Hans Nelson Suzanne O'Connell William B. F. Ryan 《Geo-Marine Letters》1985,5(3):157-164
The Valencia Fan developed as the distal fill of a deep-sea valley, detached from the continental slope and the main sedimentary source. A survey of side-scan sonar, Sea Beam and reflection seismics shows that the sediment is largely fed through the Valencia Valley. The upper fan comprises large channels with low-relief levees, and the middle fan has sinuous distributary channels. Depositional bedforms predominate on the valley floor and levees, and erosional bedforms are common in the valley walls. A change to slope on the fan apex and the presence of volcanoes on the upper fan are the main factors influencing fan-growth pattern. 相似文献
97.
Eric N. Powell Julie D. Gauthier Elizabeth A. Wilson Alanna Nelson Roger R. Fay James M. Brooks 《Marine Ecology》1992,13(3):243-270
98.
Ichthyoplankton distribution and abundance in the Celtic Sea 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
99.
The southern end of the Shackleton Fracture Zone is subducted below the South Shetland forearc, while the basal detachment of the forearc continues eastward of the Shackleton ridge as a thrust fault. The western boundary between the Antarctic/Scotia plates is located at the eastern margin of the Shackleton ridge, where an elongated depositional basin and a morphological trough delineates the contact. The boundary of the Antarctic/Scotia plates and the South Shetland forearc form a triple junction at the intersection of the Shackleton Fracture Zone with the trench, between these two plates, and an independent South Shetland block. 相似文献
100.
The preliminary interpretation of new high-resolution seismic reflection profiles from the eastern Alboran Sea indicates strong geological similarities between this region and southeastern Spain. The principal neotectonic elements, which result from roughly north-south compression, are defined by northeast-southwest oriented wrenches separated by intervening north-south and west-northwest-east-southeast strike-slip faults. Variations in direction of principal stress axes have permitted faulting to alternate between these two systems, and for reverse faulting to occur within some wrench zones during periods when there was a component of compression perpendicular to them. 相似文献