城市化发展水平对生态环境压力的影响研究——以西安市为例

运用综合评价法对西安市1991—2007年的城市化水平进行了测度。同时,使用生态环境压力指数法对西安市城市生态环境压力进行了定量评价,并对城市化水平的各相关因子与生态环境压力指数之间进行了相关分析和回归分析。通过分析得出结论:城市化发展水平与生态环境压力之间存在着较明显的相关关系,其中城市现代化水平的发展是产生城市生态环境压力的主要原因,并提出了协调加快城市化进程与缓解城市生态环境压力之间矛盾的几点建议。     

Experimental analysis of shear strength of undisturbed soil in leucaena forest in Jiangjia Ravine,Yunnan, China

Five leucaena trees of similar age were chosen in Jiangjia Ravine of Dongchuan, Yunnan Province, China, near which the soil samples were collected by digging profiles 2m in depth and 1m in width. In each section, soil samples at different depths were taken for direct shear experiments to determine the root amount and mechanical composition. It is found that the cohesion and internal friction angle of the undisturbed soil are related to the root amount, depth, clay content and breccias content. Cohesion correlates negatively with root content, a finding that differs from that of other researchers. In addition, internal friction angle correlates positively with all these factors.     

玉树7.1级地震前后电磁辐射小波变换分析

基于电磁辐射数据的小波变换理论,对青海玉树7.1级地震前后四川都江堰、剑阁、江油及郑州二砂电磁波台站的观测数据进行了小波分析,研究发现玉树地震前有异常信息存在,表现为：地震前电磁辐射异常信号低频部分出现的时间较早;距震中较近的台站,异常信息出现的频率段较高;距震中稍远的台站,异常信息的频率段较低;震中距越大,异常出现的时间越晚。     

滤纸总吸力吸湿曲线的率定试验

滤纸法是一种间接的吸力测试方法,测试结果准确与否首先取决于滤纸的吸力率定曲线。介绍了滤纸法的基本工作原理,总结了滤纸法在国内外的研究现状。利用NaCl盐溶液法率定了国产双圈No.203型滤纸的总吸力吸湿率定曲线,给出了总吸力率定曲线的双线性拟合方程。分别比较了双圈No.203型滤纸与Whatman’s No.42型滤纸的总吸力和基质吸力率定曲线,指出两种滤纸的基质吸力率定曲线基本一致,以及国产双圈No.203型滤纸总吸力率定曲线的转点含水率更高的特点     

Magnetic constraints on the spatial distribution of seismic activity

The lithospheric magnetic field (LMF) in China and its surrounding are calculated using the spherical harmonic coefficients given by the NGDC-720 model. The LMF comes from the magnetization of minerals in the crust and in the uppermost mantle. It may, therefore, provide unique insight into lithospheric tectonic processes and mechanisms. Here, we study the geomagnetic manifestation of active tectonic blocks, and find a close correlation between the LMF and seismicity. Many large faults are found to closely overlap with magnetic anomalies, or are distributed along the boundaries of magnetic anomalies. Earthquakes in these fault regions have occurred on the boundaries of magnetic anomalies, or in the transition zones between positive and negative anomalies. We analyze the components of the LMF, and the LMFs at different altitudes, finding that the vertical component, B _z at 200 km, is the most related to seismic activity. Relevant physical mechanisms are also discussed. We propose that the stress or viscosity differences caused by temperature variations, which manifest in the LMF, may be the predominant reason for the correlation between the LMF and seismic activity along large faults.     

人工回灌过程中的水-岩相互作用模拟

人工回灌过程中所发生的水-岩相互作用是影响回灌层位地下水环境质量的重要因素。采用室内实验和水文地球化学模拟等技术对人工回灌过程中的水-岩相互作用机理进行了分析。研究结果表明：受混合作用影响,随着回灌水比例的增加,混合水中TDS质量浓度降低,水化学类型由Cl·HCO₃-Na型水逐渐转变为HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型水;受水-岩作用影响,在同一混合比例条件下,随着水-岩作用的进行,混合水中TDS质量浓度升高,各主要离子质量浓度呈现升高的趋势,但只有回灌水比例占10%时,混合水TDS质量浓度才大于原始地下水（涨幅约5%）。实验介质溶解于水的离子中,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO^-₃主要来源于碳酸盐矿物的溶解, Na⁺主要来自岩盐的溶解。在人工回灌过程中,发生的水-岩相互作用主要包括方解石、白云石、钾长石、岩盐、CO₂的溶解和伊利石的沉淀。其中:钾长石溶解量与伊利石沉淀量、碳酸盐矿物溶解量与CO₂溶解量的相关性较强,其相关系数分别为1.00和0.78（显著性水平为0.05）;硅酸盐矿物反应量和回灌水比例之间的相关系数为0.97（显著性水平为0.01）,相关性极强;而碳酸盐矿物反应量和回灌水比例之间的相关系数为0.52（显著性水平为0.01）,相关性较弱。上述相关性分析为确定人工回灌过程中的水-岩相互作用机理、地下水中主要离子组分的来源途径以及定量分析人工回灌对含水层介质的影响提供了依据。     

Purification and characterization of iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase from Enteromorpha linza

A superoxide dismutase was purified from Enteromorpha linza using a simple and safe procedure, which comprised phosphate buffer extraction, ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on Q-sepharose column, and gel filtration chromatography on Superdex 200 10/300GL. The E. linza superoxide dismutase （E/SOD） was purified 103.6-fold, and a yield of 19.1% and a specific activity of 1 750 U/rag protein were obtained. The SDS-PAGE exhibited E/SOD a single band near 23 kDa and the gel filtration study showed E/SOD＇s molecular weight is near 46 kDa in nondenatured condition, indicating it＇s a homodimeric protein. E/SOD is an iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase （Fe-SOD） because it was inhibited by hydrogen peroxide, insensitive to potassium cyanide. The optimal temperature for its maximal enzyme activity was 35℃, and it still had 29.8% relative activity at 0℃, then E/SOD can be classified as a cold-adapted enzyme. E/SOD was stable when temperature was below 40℃ or the pH was within the range of 5 10. The first 11 N-terminal amino acids orE/SOD were ALELKAPPYEL, comparison of its N-terminal sequence with other Fe-SOD N-terminal sequences at the same position suggests it is possibly a chloroplastic Fe-SOD.     

持久性有机污染物气——土界面交换研究进展

气-土界面交换对于持久性有机污染物(POPs)在区域和全球尺度上的传输迁移、重新分布和归趋具有重要意义。气-土界面交换所涉及的过程主要包括:干沉降、湿沉降和从土壤向大气的挥发。其中, 气态化合物的扩散交换是决定“源和汇”的关键过程。气态化合物在气-土界面的交换过程由大气和土壤之间的浓度梯度驱动, 土-气分配主要受化合物理化性质、温度和土壤有机质的影响。随着全球POPs禁用进程的加快, 中纬度污染地区的土壤逐渐成为低分子量化合物向大气排放的二次源;而对于高分子量的化合物来说, 土壤仍然是污染物的汇, 可以存储更多的污染物。气-土交换方向还受到温度的影响, 呈现出土壤夏季为源、冬季为汇的季节性变化特点。逸度模型是估算POPs 气-土交换通量的有力工具, 由通量大小可以定量判断源和汇的强度。此外, 还讨论了目前POPs气-土界面交换研究中存在着的一些不足, 并提出该领域未来可能的发展趋势。     

A potential stratotype for the regional lowermost stage of the continental Paleocene in China

Phanerozoic chronostratigraphic units can only be defined through their lower boundary stratotypes.The lowermost stage of the Paleocene of China,which mainly consists of terrestrial deposits,can only be defined through its lower boundary stratotype,i.e.the continental Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary stratotype.There is no section yet found which contains continuous terrestrial deposits and biostratigraphic records of the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition in Nanxiong,Guangdong and Jiayin,Heilongjiang,there is no evidence for establishing the continental stratotype of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in either area.Therefore,both the"Shanghuan stage"and"Furaoan stage"are not good candidates for the lowermost stage of the Paleocene of China.From the viewpoint of charophytes,the outcrop section of the Dangyang,Hubei Province(Central China)contains the most continuous,abundant and diverse terrestrial biostratigraphic records of the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition,in particular the early Paleocene,known so far in the world.The biostratigraphic records of ostracods in the transition are also continuous,rich,and diverse.The Dangyang outcrop section is the only section known so far in China that is a possible candidate for a continental stratotype of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in China and the section is the only potential section identified to date for establishing the regional lowermost stage of the Paleocene,Paleogene and Cenozoic in China or stratotype section for the stage.     

冻融循环对兰州黄土渗透性变化的影响

在季节冻土区, 周期性的冻结与融化持续改变着土体内部结构, 土的孔隙率与渗透性也随之产生相应的变化. 针对这一现象进行了原状黄土和重塑黄土的冻融循环试验和冻融循环后的渗透试验. 结果显示: 随着冻融循环作用的进行, 原状黄土与重塑黄土干密度的变化趋势都是先增大后减小, 然后趋于稳定. 由于渗透系数与干密度呈负线性关系, 所以随着冻融循环次数的增加, 原状黄土与重塑黄土的渗透系数都是先减小后增大, 最后在4×10^-4~6×10^-4 cm·s^-1之间趋于一个稳定值. 因为重塑黄土是扰动土, 土结构中的颗粒大小较为均匀, 而原状黄土的土结构中颗粒大小不均匀, 导致重塑黄土的渗透系数始终大于原状黄土.