东海表层沉积物碎屑矿物组合分布特征及其物源环境指示

为进一步明确东海陆架区的沉积物物源及水动力环境,对研究区表层沉积物的碎屑矿物进行了鉴定分析。研究区共鉴定出49种重矿物、8种轻矿物。根据碎屑矿物的组合分布结合矿物形态特征,将东海陆架区划分为三个矿物区,内陆架矿物区、外陆架矿物区及虎皮礁矿物区。内陆架矿物区,动力分选是影响碎屑矿物分布的主要因素,物质来源相对单一,碎屑矿物主要来源于现代长江物质,闽浙沿岸近岸河流的输入,人类活动也对该区的矿物组成产生一定的影响;外陆架矿物区,重矿物分布的主控因素是长期的分选作用,主要是长江物质经后期改造形成,现代长江物质可从内陆架中北部扩散至124.5°E左右,此外外陆架东南部地形的变化也对碎屑矿物的分布起到一定控制作用;虎皮礁矿物区,有来自黄河、长江、火山物质的多重影响,且水动力环境相对复杂。     

热稳定κ-卡拉胶酶产生菌Bacillus sp. Car19的发酵条件优化

对一株分泌热稳定κ-卡拉胶酶印尼热泉菌进行了种属鉴定, 并采用响应面法对该菌发酵产酶条件进行了优化。鉴定结果表明, 该菌株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus), 命名为Bacillus sp. Car19(GeneBank: KT865196)。发酵条件优化结果显示, 9个环境因子影响Bacillus sp. Car19产酶量。其中影响Bacillus sp. Car19产酶量的三个主要因素分别为培养温度、培养基中Cu²⁺浓度和培养基中NaCl浓度。综合次要因素对Bacillus sp. Car19产酶影响, Bacillus sp. Car19最佳产酶发酵条件为: 培养温度52.31℃、Cu²⁺浓度6.93 mmol/L、NaCl浓度37.03 g/L, 培养基pH为6, 接种量1%, 培养时间36h, 半乳糖浓度0.3 g/L,硝酸铵浓度7g/L, 卡拉胶浓度0.5g/L。优化后发酵上清液酶活力达到15.21 U/mL, 与优化前相比提高了1.5 倍。     

Study on the Development Laws of Bed-Separation Under the Hard-Thick Magmatic Rock and its Fracture Disaster-Causing Mechanism

Based on the analysis of dynamic phenomena under the condition of high-located hard-thick (HLHT) stratum of one coal mine, along with the similar material simulation and theoretical analysis, the characteristics of bed separation development and cracks distribution under the HLHT stratum are studied. This paper proposes a discriminating method for overlying strata Three Zones considering the influence of HLHT stratum. The development laws of cracks and disaster-causing mechanism of hard-thick magmatic rock in different strata are respectively analyzed. The studies show that in line with the working face advancing direction, the height of bed separation under the magmatic rock increases in the trend of “Increase–Stability–Decrease”, and the width of bed separation increases linearly. The width of bed separation reaches the maximum before the first breaking of magmatic rock, the bed separation completely closes after the breaking. There are no obvious bed separations during the period migration of magmatic rock. Along the direction of the height of roof, the development of bed separation is characterized by bottom-up jump based on the key strata. The analyzed results of “Three zone” height obtained by the discriminate method of overlying strata Three Zones which is based on the key strata theory and the S–R instability theory are in line with the actual facts. When the hard-thick magmatic rock is in the fractured zone, large amounts of gas and water are easy to accumulate in the bed separation space and “O” ring space around the gob. The first breaking of magmatic rock may induce bed separation gas outburst and water inrush. When the hard-thick magmatic rock is in the sagging zone, the long-term stability of magmatic rock will not cause serious disasters. But with the adjacent working face mining, bed separation gas and water often become a safety hazard.     

A model for the representation of emergency cases

The aim of this paper is to propose a location model of earthquake emergency service depot on the basis of hybrid multi-attribute decision-making method. The advantage of the proposed method is that practical mixed uncertainty of location decision information is considered, and the corresponding factors that affect the location of transfer stations are contained. To solve the location problem, a hybrid multi-attribute decision procedure without information transformation is developed. Besides, a novel weighting method and aggregation process is given. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.     

Object- and pixel-based classifications of macroalgae farming area with high spatial resolution imagery

Macroalgae plays an important role in coastal ecosystems. The accurate delineation of macroalgae areas is important for environmental management. This study compared the pixel- and object-based methods using Gaofen satellite no. 2 image to explore an efficient classification approach. Expert system rules and nearest neighbour classifier were adopted for object-based classification, whereas maximum likelihood classifier was implemented in the pixel-based approach. Normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, mean value of the blue band and geometric characteristics were selected as features to distinguish macroalgae farms by considering the spectral and spatial characteristics. Results show that the object-based method achieved a higher overall accuracy and kappa coefficient than the pixel-based method. Moreover, the object-based approach displayed superiority in identifying Porphyra class. These findings suggest that the object-based method can delineate macroalgae farming areas efficiently and be applied in the future to monitor the macroalgae farms with high spatial resolution imagery.     

利用滩坝砂体规模研究古风力的定量恢复*

古风力是一项重要的古气候指标,其定量恢复是一个难题。风作用于水体产生的波浪大小间接地反映了风力,能够为古风力的恢复提供思路。发育于破浪带和冲浪回流带的破浪沙坝、沿岸沙坝分别记录了破浪和冲浪过程,作者分别介绍利用古湖泊中发育的破浪沙坝和沿岸沙坝进行古波况和古风力恢复的原理和操作流程。(1)根据破浪沙坝的几何形态,可以将其厚度与破浪水深建立函数关系,而破浪水深又由破浪波高决定,因此破浪沙坝厚度可以恢复破浪波高,据此可以进一步根据波浪统计关系恢复有效波高、根据风浪关系恢复风力。此方法依托以下3个参数: 单期次的破浪沙坝厚度、破浪沙坝的基座坡角、古风程。(2)沿岸沙坝厚度近似记录了冲浪的极限高度,后者受控于有效波高,据此也可以恢复有效波高和风力。此方法依托以下5个参数: 单期次的沿岸沙坝厚度、古(平均)水深、古风程、古风向相对于岸线的入射角、组成沿岸沙坝的沉积物粒度。上述2种方法综合性较强,涉及古风向、古地形坡度、风程或盆地直径、古水深等参数的恢复,需要综合运用古地貌恢复、去压实校正、古岸线识别、古水深恢复等技术,并需要结合波浪理论。古湖泊滨岸带地层中保存有大量的滩坝沉积,利用其恢复古波况和古风况具有一定的应用前景,能够有助于更详细地重建沉积盆地的古地理背景。