单点系泊潜标系统动力学建模与姿态分析

通过对单点系泊潜标进行动力学分析,利用集中质量法建立系统的动力学模型,编制Matlab仿真程序,通过数值模拟获取不同海流条件下,分析潜标系统的姿态。文中将一个典型潜标系统的浮球、锚链、重力锚等部件,利用集中质量法简化为节点,通过模拟真实环境中的海流流速在垂直方向的分布,设计1～5 m/s的流速剖面分布。将节点的物理参数和海流参数代入仿真程序中,得到各节点的姿态、节点间张力以及重力锚与海底摩擦力等数据。分析仿真结果,海流流速与节点的偏降、节点间的张力以及重力锚与海底的摩擦力成正比,仿真结果与实际情况相符。文中设计的建模方法和仿真程序可以为单点系泊潜标的总体设计、姿态估算、锚系配置提供工程参考。     

Petrogenesis and shock metamorphism of the enriched lherzolitic shergottite Northwest Africa 7755

Northwest Africa (NWA) 7755 is a newly found enriched lherzolitic shergottite. Here, we report its detailed petrography and mineralogy. NWA 7755 contains both poikilitic and non‐poikilitic lithologies. Olivine has different compositional ranges in the poikilitic and non‐poikilitic lithologies, Fa_30–39 and Fa_37–40, respectively. Pyroxene in the non‐poikilitic lithology is systematically Fe‐richer than that in the poikilitic lithology. The chromite grains in non‐poikilitic lithology are highly Ti‐richer than those in the poikilitic lithology. The chemical variations of olivine, pyroxene, and chromite between the poikilitic and non‐poikilitic lithologies support a two‐stage formation model of lherzolitic shergottites. Besides planar fractures and strong mosaicism in olivine and pyroxene, shock‐induced melt veins and pockets are observed in NWA 7755. Olivine grains within and adjacent to melt veins and/or pockets have either transformed to ringwoodite, amorphous phase, or dissociated to bridgmanite plus magnesiowüstite. Merrillite in melt veins has completely transformed to tuite; however, apatite only has partially transformed to tuite, indicating a relatively sluggish transformation rate. The partial transformation from apatite to tuite resulted in fractional devolatilization of Cl and F in apatite. The fine‐grained mineral assemblage in melt veins consists mainly of bridgmanite, minor magnesiowüstite, Fe‐sulfide, Fe‐phosphide, and Ca‐phosphate minerals. The coexistence of bridgmanite and magnesiowüstite in these veins indicates a shock pressure of >~24 GPa and a temperature of 1800–2000 °C. Coesite and seifertite are probably present in NWA 7755. The presence of these high‐pressure minerals indicates that NWA 7755 has experienced a more intense shock metamorphism than other enriched lherzolitic shergottites.     

渤中34-2油田复合射孔事故初探

渤中34-2油田P10井为一口调整井,属于正常温度、压力系统,孔隙度较低,近井带污染比较严重,完井射孔方式采用复合射孔。针对射孔作业中出现减震器上端油管挤瘪、RTTS封隔器水力锚和胶筒损坏、点火棒卡于封隔器芯管内等现象,从管柱设计、负压选择、管柱材质、现场施工管理等方面对此次事故进行分析,并提出相关建议,对射孔作业中类似事故的应对及处理有一定的指导意义。     

Sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to downscaling ratios and storm types in rainfall simulation

Accurate information of rainfall is needed for sustainable water management and more reliable flood forecasting. The advances in mesoscale numerical weather modelling and modern computing technologies make it possible to provide rainfall simulations and forecasts at increasingly higher resolutions in space and time. However, being one of the most difficult variables to be modelled, the quality of the rainfall products from the numerical weather model remains unsatisfactory for hydrological applications. In this study, the sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is investigated using different domain settings and various storm types to improve the model performance of rainfall simulation. Eight 24‐h storm events are selected from the Brue catchment, southwest England, with different spatial and temporal distributions of the rainfall intensity. Five domain configuration scenarios designed with gradually changing downscaling ratios are used to run the WRF model with the ECMWF 40‐year reanalysis data for the periods of the eight events. A two‐dimensional verification scheme is proposed to evaluate the amounts and distributions of simulated rainfall in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The verification scheme consists of both categorical and continuous indices for a first‐level assessment and a more quantitative evaluation of the simulated rainfall. The results reveal a general improvement of the model performance as we downscale from the outermost to the innermost domain. Moderate downscaling ratios of 1:7, 1:5 and 1:3 are found to perform better with the WRF model in giving more reasonable results than smaller ratios. For the sensitivity study on different storm types, the model shows the best performance in reproducing the storm events with spatial and temporal evenness of the observed rainfall, whereas the type of events with highly concentrated rainfall in space and time are found to be the trickiest case for WRF to handle. Finally, the efficiencies of several variability indices are verified in categorising the storm events on the basis of the two‐dimensional rainfall evenness, which could provide a more quantitative way for the event classification that facilitates further studies. It is important that similar studies with various storm events are carried out in other catchments with different geographic and climatic conditions, so that more general error patterns can be found and further improvements can be made to the rainfall products from mesoscale numerical weather models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

综合危险性指数法在苍山县地质灾害易发区划分中的应用

地质灾害的发生和发展是地质环境因素和人类工程经济活动共同作用的结果，其易发性主要受自然因素和人为因素的共同影响。以山东省苍山县地质灾害易发区划分为例，探讨性地采用了地质灾害综合危险性指数法，定量划分了苍山县地质灾害易发区，结果符合当地地质灾害发育的实际情况，为苍山县地质灾害的预防和治理工作提供了科学依据。     

一株大西洋深海酵母菌MAR-MC(3)的鉴定及生理特征分析

从大西洋中脊的深海底质中分离到一株酵母菌MAR-MC(3).该菌细胞为卵圆形,单端芽殖;在温度和NaCl浓度分别为35℃、3.4%条件下生长良好;能利用木糖、麦芽糖、半乳糖、蔗糖以及纤维二糖、阿拉伯糖、棉子糖、肌醇、木醇,但不能利用海藻糖;根据表型特征及rDNA序列分析鉴定为季也蒙毕赤酵母(Pichia guilliermondii).     

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ITRF2005框架下GPS、VLBI和SLR地心坐标速度的精度检测

为了解ITRF2005框架下GPS、VLBI和SLR3种空间技术确定地心坐标速度的真正实现精度，利用这3种技术在并置站上的地心坐标速度进行了相互比较，经七参数转换后，可获得任意两种技术地心坐标速度不符值的中误差，以此作为外符精度，可以看出：VLBI、GPS和SLR地心坐标速度三分量的外符精度在1 mm/a之内，SLR与VLBI和GPS地心坐标速度的三分量的外符精度较差，而VLBI与GPS的外符精度较高。表明VLBI和GPS实现的地心坐标速度精度比SLR高。     

一个单种P-Z赤潮生态模型的非线性分析

对植食性浮游动物摄食模型(仅对一个赤潮藻类)进行非线性分析,得出了该确定性参数方程的稳定性条件和发生 Hopf 分岔的条件,并且用数值模拟证实了理论分析.为更好的吻合实际情况,提出了含有变参数的赤潮藻类生长模型.模型中用一个周期函数来近似模拟了藻类生长率参数,并对此模型做了数值模拟.结果表明,引入变参数后的模型能出现概周期解,更能体现藻类生长的季节性特点,与实际情况符合更好.     

The impact of human activities on the flushing properties of a semi-enclosed lagoon: Xiaohai, Hainan, China

In this study, a Lagrangian particle tracking model driven by hydrodynamic fields was used to investigate the changes of flushing properties in Xiaohai Lagoon resulting from natural evolution and influences of human activities. Comparisons of residence times between 1936 and 2001 indicate that the flushing efficiency of the lagoon has deteriorated greatly during the past seven decades. Over this period, the average residence time of the lagoon has increased from 45 to 71 days, an increase of 59%. The Lagrangian residual velocity has decreased from 1936 to 2001 in the large portions of the lagoon, and the spatial distribution pattern of the residual current has changed significantly. The well-developed horizontal circulations in 1936 disappeared. Instead, the horizontal Lagrangian residual velocity showed uniformly seaward motion with reduced velocity in 2001. Human activities have incurred great impacts on the deterioration of flushing efficiency. The reduction of river inflow imposed the most significant impact, causing an increase of average residence time by 33%. The land reclamation in the lagoon came as the second most significant factor, causing an increase of 15%. Closure of the North Opening had posed minor impact. The model results suggest that restoring the river inflow, as well as the dredging of the tidal channel and the inner lagoon, should be the top proprieties for future water quality management.