内陆水体环境遥感监测研究评述

应用遥感技术进行水质监测较常规监测具有巨大优势,能快速、大尺度、低成本的监测水质参数在时空上的变化状况。本文首先简要阐述了内陆水体环境遥感监测的基本原理;其次,介绍了常用水质参数的遥感监测研究现状,包括叶绿素a(Chl-a)、悬浮物(SS)、有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)以及总磷(TN)、总氮(TP)等其他水质参数,并将其划分为经验模型和生物光学模型两种监测方法;再次,对常用的遥感数据源进行了介绍和优缺点的评述;最后,讨论了内陆水体环境遥感监测误差来源,并对今后内陆水体环境遥感监测研究重点进行了展望。     

武汉城市圈产业发展的生态转型与空间优化

借鉴生态学原理,视区域产业部门为种群,产业结构为群落,提出区域产业生态的概念体系;借鉴生态位方法,构建基于区域的市场生态位和基于区位的空间生态位,揭示区域不同产业种群之间及其与环境之间的相互作用和空间分布;据此,对武汉城市圈的产业生态演化与优化进行了系统分析。结果表明:区域产业生态演化经历了形成、强化、退化和调整4个阶段。"十一五"期间,钢铁、石油等传统重化型行业市场生态位偏大,汽车、光电子等先进制造业偏小;空间生态位总体较为平均,黄冈、孝感和咸宁等周边城市初步形成适宜多种制造业发展的空间基础。建设区域创新环境、培育区域创新文化,有助于区域产业发展的生态转型;构建复合集群网络、发展区域特色产业,有利于区域产业发展的空间优化。     

新疆巴楚地震液化宏观现象的对比分析

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师地区发生6.8级地震,出现了唐山、海城地震后近30年我国最具规模的砂土液化现象。本文通过现场调查和资料分析,并与以往大地震液化比较,提出了此次地震液化宏观现象的认识,包括液化分布特征、喷水冒砂形态、液化震害和工程地质条件等几个方面。结果表明,此次地震液化宏观现象与我国以往几次大地震有很多不同,具有很大的研究价值。     

Stratigraphical and biological significance of negative carbon isotopic anomalies in the basal Cambrian series of Guizhou Province

The early Early Cambrian strata within the bounds of Guizhou Province are almost predominated by black shale deposition. Recently, however, the authors have found a section consisting of a set of mudstones interbedded with limestones at the basement of the Cambrian at Yingping, Fuquan County,Guizhou Province, which provides favorable conditions for the study of marine geochemical characteristics of the early Early Cambrian. The characteristics of intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at Yingping, Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, can be correlated with those of global carbon isotopic anomalies at the same time on a global scale, corresponding to the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian boundaries at the bottom of the Xiaowaitoushan Member, Huize, Yunnan Province, at the top of the Tsagaan 0loom Formation of Mongolia and at the top of the Salarmy Gol Formation of Siberia, as well as those observed in southwestern United States, Iran, Amman, Poland, Newfoundland, the Great Britain, Canada, etc. Negative carbon isotopic anomalies can be used as the important basis for the division of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundaries.There have been found 8 m-thick black shales and cherts below the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies in this profile. In the black shales there have been found large amounts of fossils such as Bradoricla,gernus Archotuba, indicating that during the period of sedimentation of black shales under anaerobic conditions there would be large quantities of organic species living in the sea. But in the section of grayish-green mudstones interbedded with limestones with intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies almost no organic fossil has been found. This may imply that the anaerobic event seems to have little bearing on the mass extinction near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, whereas the intense negative carbon isotopic anomaly event appears to be more closely related to the mass extinction occurring near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary.     

城市计算视角下的空间粗糙关联规则方法研究

同位模式表示不同类型的实体在空间邻域内共同频繁出现的规律,是城市实体空间关联的主要表达形式,但不能挖掘出指定实体的空间关联,需要寻找新的计算方法。在城市计算的视角下,通过引入粗糙集研究城市空间关联问题发现：1）该方法能把复杂的地理空间关联问题转换成信息决策问题,在信息决策表中计算城市实体之间的空间关联等拓扑关系,计算过程和结果可以挖掘城市行业之间的空间集聚和关联问题。2）通过属性约简得到属性核可以把高维空间数据降维,找到影响空间关联的重要因子。3）该方法拓宽了城市计算的理论方法体系和粗糙集方法的行业应用。最后,通过Python爬取南宁市城市服务业数据,进行方法的验证,计算结果与成熟的Apriori算法结果,以及南宁市服务业空间关联实际情况基本一致,证明了粗糙空间关联方法的可行性和正确性。     

沙地柠条(Caragana)灌丛微生境节肢动物群落特征

以宁夏荒漠草原柠条（Caragana）灌丛林地为研究对象,于2011年春、夏、秋季,利用陷阱诱捕法,调查了灌丛微生境节肢动物群落分布特征。结果表明：（1）调查共获得节肢动物9目31科32个类群,分属于4种功能群（植食性、捕食性、腐食性和杂食性）。其中,优势类群为蚁科（Formicidae）和拟步甲科（Tenebrionidae）,个体数占总个体数的71.97%;常见类群有7科8个类群,个体数占总个体数的19.72%;其余22个类群为稀有类群,个体数仅占总个体数的8.30%。（2）随着季节变化,灌丛内外节肢动物类群组成和个体数分布均发生改变。春季灌丛内外均包括优势类群、常见类群和稀有类群;夏季灌丛内外均包括优势类群,而灌丛下仅有常见类群,无稀有类群,灌丛外既没有常见类群也没有稀有类群;秋季灌丛内外均有优势类群和常见类群,但灌丛内外均无稀有类群。（3）夏季灌丛内外共有类群数最少,相似性指数最低,秋季次之,而春季灌丛内外共有类群数最多,相似性指数也最高。（4）春季和秋季,灌丛内外微生境中节肢动物个体数、丰富度和Shannon指数均无显著差异（P>0.05）。夏季,节肢动物个体数灌丛内外无显著差异性（P>0.05）,但丰富度和Shannon指数均表现为灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）。（5）春季灌丛内外捕食性、植食性和杂食性节肢动物的个体数和丰富度均无显著差异性（P>0.05）;但是,腐食性动物个体数和丰富度均表现为灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）。夏季,仅有捕食性动物丰富度呈现出灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）,而其他指标灌丛内外均无显著差异性（P>0.05）。秋季,每种功能群动物的个体数和丰富度灌丛内外均无显著差异性（P>0.05）。沙地灌丛内外生境中节肢动物的空间分布,既与灌丛本身生理生态学特性相关,也与季节性降雨和温度等气象条件的改变密切相关。     

A preliminary evaluation of the performance of multiple ionospheric models in low- and mid-latitude regions of China in 2010–2011

Ionospheric delay is a dominant error source in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Single-frequency GNSS applications require ionospheric correction of signal delay caused by the charged particles in the earth’s ionosphere. The Chinese Beidou system is developing its own ionospheric model for single-frequency users. The number of single-frequency GNSS users and applications is expected to grow fast in the next years in China. Thus, developing an appropriate ionospheric model is crucially important for the Chinese Beidou system and worldwide single-frequency Beidou users. We study the performance of five globally accessible ionospheric models Global Ionospheric Map (GIM), International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM), Klobuchar and NeQuick in low- and mid-latitude regions of China under mid-solar activity condition. Generally, all ionospheric models can reproduce the trend of diurnal ionosphere variations. It is found that all the models have better performances in mid-latitude than in low-latitude regions. When all the models are compared to the observed total electron content (TEC) data derived from GIM model, the IRI model (2012 version) has the best agreement with GIM model and the NeQuick has the poorest agreement. The RMS errors of the IRI model using the GIM TEC as reference truth are about 3.0–10.0 TECU in low-latitude regions and 3.0–8.0 TECU in mid-latitude regions, as observed during a period of 1 year with medium level of solar activity. When all the ionospheric models are ingested into single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) to correct the ionospheric delays in GPS observations, the PIM model performs the best in both low and mid-latitudes in China. In mid-latitude, the daily single-frequency PPP accuracy using PIM model is ~10 cm in horizontal and ~20 cm in up direction. At low-latitude regions, the PPP error using PIM model is 10–20 cm in north, 30–40 cm in east and ~60 cm in up component. The single-frequency PPP solutions indicate that NeQuick model has the lowest accuracy among all the models in both low- and mid-latitude regions of China. This study suggests that the PIM model may be considered for single-frequency GNSS users in China to achieve a good positioning accuracy in both low- and mid-latitude regions.     

Changes in the Diurnal Cycles of Precipitation over Eastern China in the Past 40 Years

This study analyzed the interdecadal changes in the diurnal variability of summer(June-August) precipitation over eastern China during the period 1966-2005 using hourly station rain gauge data.The results revealed that rainfall diurnal variations experienced significant interdecadal changes.Over the area to the south of the Yangtze River,as well as the area between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers,the percentages of morning rainfall(0000-1200 LST) to total rainfall in terms of amount,frequency and intensity,all exhibited increasing interdecadal trends.On the contrary,over North China,decreasing trends were found.As a result,diurnal rainfall peaks also presented pronounced interdecadal variations.Over the area between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers,there were 16 out of 46 stations with afternoon(1200-0000 LST) frequency peaks in the first 20 years of the 40-year period of study,while only eight remained in the latter 20 years.In North China,seven stations experienced the opposite changes,which accounted for about 21% of the total number of stations.The possible causes for the interdecadal changes in diurnal features were discussed.As the rainfall in the active monsoon period presents morning diurnal peaks,with afternoon peaks in the break period,the decrease(increase) of rainfall in the active monsoon period over North China(the area south of the Yangtze River and the area between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers) may contribute to interdecadal changes in diurnal rainfall variability.     

GPS动态监测中的大跨度桥梁振动特性提取

GPS高精度实时动态监测技术应用于大跨度桥梁监测成为获取桥梁运行状态和保障桥梁安全的重要手段,受到多种复杂因素的影响,如何提取大跨度桥梁的振动特性是该技术的关键.为了有效提取GPS桥梁振动特性,本文将处理时间观测序列十分优异的傅里叶分析应用于GPS桥梁监测数据处理,根据桥梁实际的振动特性有选择的去除不需要的频率,提取真实的桥梁振动特性.以正在实施监测的桥梁进行实验分析,证明了该方法的有效性,本文的研究为GPS桥梁动态监测数据分析提供了参考.     

测绘地理信息类专业课程思政案例库建设与实践

为解决测绘相关专业教师在课程思政教学实践中素材挖掘能力不足和思政育人资源匮乏的问题,经广泛调研、研讨、素材收集和系统开发,建立了测绘地理信息类课程思政案例库。案例库依据测绘地理信息类专业课程思政矩阵图、思政案例-课程知识模块树状结构图,整合优化课程知识模块,按照测绘类、地理类、遥感类和计算机类4个课程类别分别建立了多模态课程思政案例库。采用B/S结构,以SQL Server为数据库建立了课程思政案例库管理系统,实现了案例输入、案例审核、案例查询、用户反馈和系统维护5个功能模块。应用于相关课程中,为实现专业课程思政教育起到了较大的推动作用,为培养具有民族自信、高度社会责任感和拥有良好职业核心素养的测绘地理信息人才提供了有力保障。