Effect of Data Assimilation Parameters on The Optimized Surface CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Flux in Asia

In this study, CarbonTracker, an inverse modeling system based on the ensemble Kalman filter, was used to evaluate the effects of data assimilation parameters (assimilation window length and ensemble size) on the estimation of surface CO₂ fluxes in Asia. Several experiments with different parameters were conducted, and the results were verified using CO₂ concentration observations. The assimilation window lengths tested were 3, 5, 7, and 10 weeks, and the ensemble sizes were 100, 150, and 300. Therefore, a total of 12 experiments using combinations of these parameters were conducted. The experimental period was from January 2006 to December 2009. Differences between the optimized surface CO₂ fluxes of the experiments were largest in the Eurasian Boreal (EB) area, followed by Eurasian Temperate (ET) and Tropical Asia (TA), and were larger in boreal summer than in boreal winter. The effect of ensemble size on the optimized biosphere flux is larger than the effect of the assimilation window length in Asia, but the importance of them varies in specific regions in Asia. The optimized biosphere flux was more sensitive to the assimilation window length in EB, whereas it was sensitive to the ensemble size as well as the assimilation window length in ET. The larger the ensemble size and the shorter the assimilation window length, the larger the uncertainty (i.e., spread of ensemble) of optimized surface CO₂ fluxes. The 10-week assimilation window and 300 ensemble size were the optimal configuration for CarbonTracker in the Asian region based on several verifications using CO₂ concentration measurements.     

Effects of Resolution,Cumulus Parameterization Scheme,and Probability Forecasting on Precipitation Forecasts in a High-Resolution Limited-Area Ensemble Prediction System

This study investigates the effects of horizontal resolution, cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS), and probability forecasting on precipitation forecasts over the Korean Peninsula from 00 UTC 15 August to 12 UTC 14 September 2013, using the limited-area ensemble prediction system (LEPS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration. To investigate the effect of resolution, the control members of the LEPS with 1.5- and 3-km resolution were compared. Two 3-km experiments with and without the CPS were conducted for the control member, because a 3-km resolution lies within the gray zone. For probability forecasting, 12 ensemble members with 3-km resolution were run using the LEPS. The forecast performance was evaluated for both the whole study period and precipitation cases categorized by synoptic forcing. The performance of precipitation forecasts using the 1.5-km resolution was better than that using the 3-km resolution for both the total period and individual cases. The result of the 3-km resolution experiment with the CPS did not differ significantly from that without it. The 3-km ensemble mean and probability matching (PM) performed better than the 3-km control member, regardless of the use of the CPS. The PM complemented the defect of the ensemble mean, which better predicts precipitation regions but underestimates precipitation amount by averaging ensembles, compared to the control member. Further, both the 3-km ensemble mean and PM outperformed the 1.5-km control member, which implies that the lower performance of the 3-km control member compared to the 1.5-km control member was complemented by probability forecasting.     

Global parameter estimation of the Cochlodinium polykrikoides model using bioassay data

Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a notoriously harmful algal species that inflicts severe damage on the aquacultures of the coastal seas of Korea and Japan. Information on their expected movement tracks and boundaries of influence is very useful and important for the effective establishment of a reduction plan. In general, the information is supported by a red-tide(a.k.a algal bloom) model. The performance of the model is highly dependent on the accuracy of parameters, which are the coefficients of functions approximating the biological growth and loss patterns of the C. polykrikoides. These parameters have been estimated using the bioassay data composed of growth-limiting factor and net growth rate value pairs. In the case of the C. polykrikoides, the parameters are different from each other in accordance with the used data because the bioassay data are sufficient compared to the other algal species. The parameters estimated by one specific dataset can be viewed as locally-optimized because they are adjusted only by that dataset. In cases where the other one data set is used, the estimation error might be considerable. In this study, the parameters are estimated by all available data sets without the use of only one specific data set and thus can be considered globally optimized. The cost function for the optimization is defined as the integrated mean squared estimation error, i.e., the difference between the values of the experimental and estimated rates. Based on quantitative error analysis, the root-mean squared errors of the global parameters show smaller values, approximately 25%–50%, than the values of the local parameters. In addition, bias is removed completely in the case of the globally estimated parameters. The parameter sets can be used as the reference default values of a red-tide model because they are optimal and representative. However, additional tuning of the parameters using the in-situ monitoring data is highly required.As opposed to the bioassay data, it is necessary because the bioassay data have limitations in terms of the in-situ coastal conditions.     

朝鲜北部狼林地块构造归属与地壳形成时代

朝鲜半岛北部的狼林地块一直被认为是中朝克拉通的重要组成部分。传统认为,它向南与我国辽东半岛的辽南太古宙地体相接,与其北部的鞍山-辽北-吉南太古宙地体(龙岗地块)具有基本类似的物质组成。两大太古宙地体之间是著名的以辽河群、集安群和老岭群为代表的辽吉古元古代岩系。辽吉岩系目前最主要的学术争论是,它是原本一体的太古宙地体的裂解产物,还是两个性质不同的太古宙地体拼合的结果。无论采用何种模型,学术界都普遍接受狼林地块主要由太古代岩石组成这一基本假定。为准确厘定狼林地块的地壳性质与形成时代,本文选择大同江、清川江、城川江、长津江、厚州川、厚昌江和秃鲁江中的河沙样品作为研究对象。这些河流均发源于狼林山脉,是狼林地块的核心区域,因而这些河流沉积物能够较好地全面反映狼林地块的物质组成情况。上述河流不同部位8件样品的分析结果显示,狼林地块主要由18~19亿年的古元古代岩石组成,太古宙岩石比例极为有限。但锆石Hf同位素模式年龄集中在28亿年左右,与华北克拉通全岩样品的Nd同位素模式年龄基本一致。结合狼林地块大量麻粒岩相变质表壳岩系和古元古宙花岗岩的发育,本文认为狼林地块是与辽吉岩系基本类似的古元古代地体,它可能是华北克拉通在古元古代期间东南大陆边缘的巨型造山带,我们可将其简称为辽-吉-朝古元古代造山带。因此,先前认为狼林地块主要由太古宙岩石组成的观点需要重新检查和认识。     

朝鲜狼林地块东南缘太古宙岩石及其对古元古代构造热事件的响应

朝鲜狼林地体是中朝克拉通的重要组成部分,其早前寒武纪基底岩系的岩石组成、形成和变质作用时代,直接影响到人们对古元古代辽吉活动带乃至整个华北克拉通地质演化历史的理解和认识。本文选取位于狼林地块东南缘,狼林群变质杂岩中的3个花岗片麻岩样品进行锆石U-Pb定年分析。锆石的LA-ICPMS和SIMS定年结果显示,3个片麻岩原岩的岩浆结晶时代为2521~2567Ma,并且它们都经历了古元古代1.87~1.89Ga的构造热事件改造,表现为原始岩浆锆石不同程度的铅丢失以及变质锆石的形成。基于这一认识,并结合其他学者的最新研究结果可知,太古宙片麻岩存在于狼林地块平南盆地的南缘和东缘地区,由此推测狼林地块太古宙基底岩系的规模可能远大于目前所识别的这几个地区。这些太古宙片麻岩普遍遭受了古元古代强烈变质作用(深熔作用)改造,并且变质作用的时代可以与华北克拉通三条古元古代活动带的变质-深熔作用时代相对比,表明狼林地块可能至少在古元古代之前,就已经与华北克拉通组成了统一的大陆。     

朝鲜甑山“群”变质岩中锆石-榍石-金红石U-Pb体系:古元古代-中生代构造-热事件记录

朝鲜甑山地区甑山"群"(杂岩)的主要岩石类型包括石榴云母片麻岩、石榴角闪岩,并有少量大理岩。其原岩为泥质岩为主的碎屑岩,并含有少量火山岩和碳酸盐岩,经历了角闪岩相到麻粒岩相变质作用。本文对甑山"群"2件石榴云母片麻岩和1件石榴角闪岩样品进行了锆石-榍石-金红石U-Pb体系年代学研究。石榴云母片麻岩中分选出的锆石均为变质新生锆石,Pb-Pb加权平均年龄为1850±5Ma,没有发现继承锆石组分,暗示原岩为缺乏碎屑锆石的泥质岩。石榴角闪岩中的榍石根据成因不同,可分为两期,即早期麻粒岩相变质生长的榍石和后期热事件生长榍石。早期榍石具有高U、高Th/U比值特点,U-Pb分析构成一条不一致线,上交点年龄1831±5Ma代表了早期变质热事件冷却到榍石U-Pb体系封闭温度时代,下交点年龄155±3Ma代表后期热事件造成Pb丢失时代;另一种榍石具有低U低Th/U比值特点,U-Pb年龄为单一的153±3Ma,为中生代构造热事件的新生榍石。两类样品中的金红石少量颗粒保存有早期U-Pb年龄信息,绝大多数在~155Ma发生完全重置,并直到~110Ma一直处于U-Pb体系开放状态。以上数据说明,甑山"群"在~1850Ma前发生高级变质,1850~1830Ma开始抬升出露,并成为中新元古界沉积岩物源与沉积基底,中生代受到朝鲜广泛发育的岩浆-热事件的影响。     

朝鲜半岛西北部古元古代高温变质-深熔作用:宏观和微观岩石学以及锆石U-Pb年代学制约

朝鲜半岛左接中国大陆右连日本岛链,其地质位置重要不言而喻,对其区域地质演化历史和构造属性的准确厘定,直接关系到对整个东北亚地质的全面理解和认识。本文对朝鲜半岛狼林地块西部的南浦群和甄山群的相关岩石进行了研究。野外露头、手标本和岩相学观察表明,南浦群和甄山群岩石保存了深熔作用的宏观和微观证据,矿物组合以及矿物间的反应结构表明南浦群和甄山群混合岩经历了角闪岩相到麻粒岩相的变质作用,并且在晚期熔体结晶过程中发生了逆反应或退变质过程。7件样品的锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,朝鲜半岛西北部地区在古元古代经历了多阶段(期)的变质和深熔作用过程。南浦群岩石在1917Ma可能经历了第一阶段(期)变质作用,在1877~1855Ma经历了第二阶段(期)变质深熔和石榴石持续生长,熔体冷却结晶时代为1842Ma。甄山群样品给出的变质深熔和石榴石生长的时代为1841~1830Ma,1785Ma可能代表深熔作用中抽取的熔体冷却的时代。但是,为何南浦群和甄山群样品记录的变质和深熔作用时代显示较大的差异,尚需更进一步的研究。综述前人研究成果可知,狼林地块与华北克拉通东部辽吉活动带,在变质和深熔作用类型方面存在不同之处,然而它们所记录的古元古代高温变质-深熔时代的一致性,表明二者可能至少在古元古代之前就形成了统一的大陆。     

朝鲜半岛北部显生宙花岗岩成因研究及地质意义

朝鲜半岛北部图们江褶皱带和冠帽地块发育大面积的花岗岩,长期被认为形成于晚古生代二叠纪-早中生代三叠纪。采用锆石原位微区U-Pb测年技术(SIMS U-Pb),对6个代表性岩体的16个样品进行了侵位年龄测定,结合早期发表的年代学数据,确定朝鲜北部花岗岩主要形成于中生代的侏罗纪(199~173Ma),少部分为晚二叠世(265~263Ma)和早三叠世(248~240Ma)。岩石学及地球化学特征表明,朝鲜北部花岗岩以钙-碱性岩石系列为主,其成因类型为I型,且少数为高分异I型。锆石Hf-O同位素特征明显分为两类:图们江褶皱带及冠帽地块中的侏罗纪花岗岩、冠帽地块中晚二叠世片麻状花岗岩具有正的εH f(t)值(4.7~13.5)和年轻的二阶段Hf模式年龄(367~784Ma),O同位素组成δ~(18)O集中分布在5.7‰~7.4‰,表明其源区物质为新生地壳,且该地壳物质来自于亏损型的软流圈地幔;而冠帽地块中晚二叠世和早三叠世花岗岩通常具有负的εH f(t)值(-10.9~3.8)和古老的二阶段Hf模式年龄(889~1651Ma),O同位素组成变化较大,δ~(18)O分布在5.6‰~9.2‰,推测其主要为古老地壳物质重熔的产物。区域对比研究表明,图们江褶皱带和冠帽地块具有相同的地质演化历史,应归属于同一个整体,其上发育的花岗岩与我国吉黑造山带花岗岩在年代学格架、岩石学及地球化学特征、成因类型及岩浆源区都具有极大的相似性,可以进行对比。由此可见,朝鲜北部图们江褶皱带和冠帽地块为中亚造山带的组成部分,且朝鲜北部晚二叠世-早三叠世花岗岩形成于古亚洲洋闭合阶段,由于西伯利亚板块与华北板块的碰撞拼合,在华北地台北缘形成了同碰撞型花岗岩。侏罗纪中国东北及朝鲜开始进入环太平洋构造域演化阶段,在太平洋板块俯冲的挤压体制下形成大面积花岗岩。