GRAPES-SDM沙尘模式预报与卫星遥感监测结果对比

GRAPES-SDM沙尘模式和卫星遥感监测是目前沙尘暴监测预报业务中重要的工具.本文使用天气学检验方法,对中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所目前使用的GRAPES-SDM沙尘模式2012年春季沙尘天气预报情况以及FY-2D卫星遥感产品沙尘指数IDDI的监测效果进行检验评估.结果表明:沙尘模式在西北沙尘暴预报业务中具有很好的预报参考价值,卫星遥感沙尘指数也具有较好的监测效果,但两者均存在一定的问题.沙尘模式对大范围沙尘暴过程有较好的预报能力,但对沙尘强度预报偏强;卫星遥感沙尘指数虽然不能定性地表示沙尘强度,但是在一定程度上能够反映沙尘强度的变化,不过反映沙尘强度的数值及其分布区间还有待于进一步完善.卫星遥感在南疆盆地常会将大片深厚的沙尘气溶胶区域误判为云区,造成对沙尘天气特别是沙尘暴天气未能识别的现象,另外IDDI指数不能用于夜间沙尘监测.     

A Bayesian analysis of Generalized Pareto Distribution of runoff minima

Global climate change models have predicted the intensification of extreme events, and these predictions are already occurring. For disaster management and adaptation of extreme events, it is essential to improve the accuracy of extreme value statistical models. In this study, Bayes' Theorem is introduced to estimate parameters in Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD), and then the GPD is applied to simulate the distribution of minimum monthly runoff during dry periods in mountain areas of the Ürümqi River, Northwest China. Bayes' Theorem treats parameters as random variables and provides a robust way to convert the prior distribution of parameters into a posterior distribution. Statistical inferences based on posterior distribution can provide a more comprehensive representation of the parameters. An improved Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, which can solve high‐dimensional integral computation in the Bayes equation, is used to generate parameter simulations from the posterior distribution. Model diagnosis plots are made to guarantee the fitted GPD is appropriate. Then based on the GPD with Bayesian parameter estimates, monthly runoff minima corresponding to different return periods can be calculated. The results show that the improved MCMC method is able to make Markov chains converge faster. The monthly runoff minima corresponding to 10a, 25a, 50a and 100a return periods are 0.60 m³/s, 0.44 m³/s, 0.32 m³/s and 0.20 m³/s respectively. The lower boundary of 95% confidence interval of 100a return level is below zero, which implies that the Ürümqi River is likely to cease to flow when 100a return level appears in dry periods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层析成像二阶段射线追踪技术在工程中的应用

采用层析成像二阶段射线追踪技术,对混凝土构件的内部质量进行检测。在不损伤检测对象内部结构的前提下,用专用检测设备获取投影数据,并选用适当的数学模型和重建成像技术,反演检测对象内部未知物理量,生成二维、三维图像以重现检测对象的内部特征,提供混凝土构件测试断面上的完整信息,对缺陷做出详细的解释,提高测试精度。层析成像技术是病害检测技术发展的主流,此方法检测费用相对较低、速度快、检测信息丰富、检测手段多样化,应用前景广阔。     

Effects of structural characterizations on fragility functions of bridges subject to seismic shaking and lateral spreading

This paper evaluates the seismic vulnerability of different classes of typical bridges in California when subjected to seismic shaking or liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The detailed structural configurations in terms of superstructure type, connection, continuity at support and foundation type, etc. render different damage resistant capability. Six classes of bridges are established based on their anticipated failure mechanisms under earthquake shaking. The numerical models that are capable of simulating the complex soil-structure interaction effects, nonlinear behavior of columns and connections are developed for each bridge class. The dynamic responses are obtained using nonlinear time history analyses for a suite of 250 earthquake motions with increasing intensity. An equivalent static analysis procedure is also implemented to evaluate the vulnerability of the bridges when subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Fragility functions for each bridge class are derived and compared for both seismic shaking （based on nonlinear dynamic analyses） and lateral spreading （based on equivalent static analyses） for different performance states. The study finds that the fragility functions due to either ground shaking or lateral spreading show significant correlation with the structural characterizations, but differences emerge for ground shaking and lateral spreading conditions. Structural properties that will mostly affect the bridges＇ damage resistant capacity are also identified.     

利用全天空数字图像对北京上空云况分布特征的试验分析

利用最新获取的近两年北京上空全天空数字图像资料对云况分布做统计分析,以获得云的分布特征。工作中将图像分为9个扇区和16个环区分别进行分析,从结果看,无云(云量<1)与全天空有云天气(云量>9)情况明显占优,平均各占总量的36%,46%。除去系统误差及计算所带来的误差发现,两年中北京上空多以晴好天气(包含薄卷云)和阴天为主。上空西北部云的分布略显偏多,头顶上空云的出现概率较其他位置低,并有随天顶角增大概率增大的趋势。     

近10年来中国主要农业气象灾害监测预警与评估技术研究进展

频繁发生的农业气象灾害制约着我国农业生产的快速、健康发展。农业气象灾害一直是广大气象科技工作者开展的主要研究课题之一。在国家科技攻关等计划的支持下,近10年来农业气象灾害研究取得了许多成果。完善农业气象灾害监测业务和预报服务,构建农业气象灾害风险评估、防御体系是农业气象灾害研究的重点。基于3S技术和地面监测相结合,构建了农业气象灾害动态监测系统,从宏观和微观角度来全面监测农业气象灾害的发生发展;建立和完善了卫星遥感监测系统,开展干旱、洪涝、冷害等灾害的动态监测,逐步建立集3S于一体的高空时空分辨率的灾害监测预警系统。农业气象灾害预警研究主要包括:数理统计预报方法进一步发展,农业气象模式与气候模式结合的初步尝试,GIS和网络等高技术在农业气象灾害预警中的应用,省级农业气象灾害预测系统的研制。我国农业气象灾害风险(影响)评估的研究,大致可以2001年为界分为二个阶段。第一阶段,以灾害风险分析技术方法探索研究为主的起步阶段,第二阶段,以灾害影响平度的风险化、数量化技术方法为主的研究发展阶段,构建灾害风险分析、跟踪评估、灾后评估、应变对策的技术体系;具体研究包括农业气象灾害风险分析、风险评估、风险区划和基于遥感监测信息的农业干旱评估。近年来我国农业气象灾害防御研究主要是将高效利用农业气候资源的主动防御技术和开发防灾制剂的被动防御技术相结合,在防御农业干旱和低温冷害方面取得了良好效果。     

天津蓟县中新元古代串岭沟组次火山岩系及其赋存金矿

天津蓟县中新元古界地层剖面闻名于世。最近在该剖面上,发现了东山金矿,该金矿赋存于变质核杂岩上的一条大的滑脱面上,金矿形成与大陆伸展构造有关。该金矿主要形成于长城系串岭沟组黑色页岩内的次火山岩中,这种次火山岩包括超浅成侵入岩相、次火山相和隐爆喷出相。笔者认为,该金矿应属构造蚀变岩型。矿体常呈囊状、透镜体或脉状,Au含量为3×10-6～8×10-6,矿体长度、宽度变化较大。     

用测井曲线识别地质标志层位

利用动态规划算法进行有序序列匹配来识别地质标志层位,在选取特征模式参数时,不仅考虑了曲线形态的特征,而且考虑了地层岩性的特征。对特征模式向量进行了量纲一致性处理。识别时既可以对全孔所有层识别,也可以只做部分层位识别,还可以分段识别。对山东唐口地区的几口井做了识别处理,均取得较满意的结果。