GIS research to address tensions in geography

The rise of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies has been producing powerful tools for spatial data processing, management, analysis, modeling, and visualization. While supporting many tasks, GIS technologies have evoked new thinking and advanced intellectual inquiries in geography. Technological advances in other fields often stimulate new research questions and lead to revolutionary discoveries. The Hubble telescope revolutionizes our understanding of the universe, and 3D digital microscopes transform our knowledge of the coordination among biological, neurological, and physiological systems in living organisms. Can GIS claim similar revolutionary effects on geography? The answer is much up for debate. With GIS technologies, geographic studies can explore a broader extent across multiple scales in space and time and tackle problems through increasingly complex spatial statistics, visual analytics, computation, simulation, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Both the Hubble telescope and 3D digital microscope were built based on scientific research that subserves the technological advances for inquiries into space and life systems. Likewise, GIScience research innovates GIS methods that enable novel geographic investigations and therefore contribute to geographic knowledge production. For the sake of simplicity, the term GIS used here represents both GIScience and GIS technologies. This essay attempts to clarify the intellectual contributions of GIS to geography on the following two questions: (1) What novel geographic thinking is driven by GIS? (2) How may GIS provoke new geographic inquiries and knowledge? Building on Nystuen's notion of four tensions that trigger geographic questions, the essay discusses how GIS innovations mediate historical tension, space‐time tension, dimensional tension and scale tensions.     

中国城市房价、收入与房价收入比的时空分异格局

中国城市房价快速增长背景下,城市房价、收入与房价收入比空间格局既有相似性,也表现出差异性,其空间异质性与空间依赖性特征显著。本文以中国337个地级行政单元为研究对象,运用泰尔指数、位序-规模和空间马尔科夫链等方法,对2009—2018年中国城市房价、收入和房价收入比的时空分异格局、整体稳定性和空间依赖性特征进行分析发现：① 中国城市房价增长呈现出波动性特征,整体分异程度增强,房价城市体系呈现“金字塔型”结构,收入则表现出平稳增长态势,整体分异度降低,城市体系呈现“橄榄型”结构,在房价与收入共同影响下,房价收入比整体差异性显著加强;② 城市房价空间格局表现出“地带性”与“等级性”差异并存,而收入更多表现出“地带性”差异,房价收入比则以“等级性”差异为主;③ 城市房价和收入类型的稳定性和空间依赖性较强,高、低水平城市存在两极分化与“俱乐部收敛”现象,房价收入比稳定性相对较弱。对中国城市房价、收入和房价收入比时空分异格局和空间关联效应的分析,可以为探索中国城市房价收入比空间分异模式与机理提供必要研究基础。     

1995—2015年中国省际人口迁移网络的演化特征——基于异质性劳动力视角

自户籍制度放宽以来,中国经历了大规模的人口迁移。其中,异质性劳动力（高技能劳动力、普通劳动力）在迁移过程中表征出不同的空间格局和网络组织特征,对地区经济发展产生各异的影响。本研究基于人口普查和抽样调查微观抽样数据,使用复杂网络理论对1995—2015年中国异质性劳动力迁移的时空格局和网络演化展开分析,并分析了格局背后的可能成因。研究发现：① 省际高技能和普通劳动力迁移均呈现出持续高度不平衡的空间集聚特征,承载大量人口的迁移流主要由中国中西部地区指向东部沿海地区,但这种空间不平衡特征呈现出一定的减弱趋势。高技能劳动力的平均迁移距离比普通劳动力更长;② 两类劳动力迁移网络中均呈现明显的“小世界”特性,但普通劳动力迁移网络的迁移强度和关联程度均高于高技能劳动力迁移网络;③ 两类劳动力迁移网络均呈现出以北京、上海、广东为主要核心节点的网络结构。高技能劳动力网络结构呈现相对稳定的特征,而普通劳动力网络结构则呈现出变化的趋势;④ 地区经济差异、路径依赖效应、异质性劳动力在就业市场上的差异性以及劳动力市场对异质性劳动力需求的差异是导致两类劳动力迁移格局差异性的重要成因。     

地理核心素养视角下县级博物馆研学旅行课程设计——以曲周博物馆为例

研学旅行课程设计是开展研学旅行的必要前提,结合博物馆展品设计博物馆研学旅行课程,是满足当前县级中小学在本地开展研学旅行刚需的可行途径。利用地理核心素养与县级博物馆研学旅行课程之间的契合之处,从地理核心素养的视角解读馆藏展品,并以县级的曲周博物馆为例进行课程设计。经过反思发现,博物馆展品是研学旅行课程设计的根本,博物馆科研成果决定研学旅行课程质量,博物馆本应成为区域研学旅行的集散地,博物馆联动促进区域研学旅行向纵深发展。     

中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究

2010年上海世界博览会提出“城市让生活更美好”。然而,当前对城乡居民幸福感的实证研究得出了不同的结论。本研究认为,城市并不必然会带来更美好的生活,而是更好的城市让生活更幸福。为此,本研究运用多层次线性回归模型,基于2014年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据对中国城乡居民的幸福感及其影响因素进行了分析。结果显示,中国城市居民的幸福感整体上高于乡村居民,这种差异主要源于城乡居民的生活水平、生活环境和生活节奏等方面的差异。因此,要实现“城市让生活更美好”的目标,需要在城市化的过程中不断提升城乡居民的获得感、推动城市住房政策改革、进一步加快城乡公共服务一体化进程、实现以家庭为单位的新型市民化模式以及推行更为健全的劳动政策。     

Control factors of DIC in the Y3 seamount waters of the Western Pacific Ocean

An investigation was carried out in the Y3 seamount area of the Western Pacific Ocean in December 2014,and the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) and its relationship with environmental factors in this area were explored.The results show that DIC concentration was higher in the adjacent waters of the Y3 seamount area,and the uplift of DIC isolines at the stations was close to the seamount.Meanwhile,interaction between the North Equatorial Current(NEC) and the Y3 seamount affected the DIC distribution i.e.,the upwelling in the same direction of the NEC was obvious,resulting in a decreasing trend of average concentration of DIC in the 200 m water column from the top to the two side s in this direction but in the cross direction.The DIC concentration increased with the water depth increase,and its distribution was affected by various environmental factors.In the surface water,high temperature was a decisive factor for the decrease of the DIC concentration,but the photosynthesis of phytoplankton showing only a weak influence.In the North Pacific Tropic Water(NPTW),DIC production rate from organic matter decomposition was higher than that of DIC consumption by phytoplankton photosynthesis,leading to a continual increase of DIC.In the North Pacific Intermediate Water(NPIW),organic matter decomposition played a leading role in the increase of DIC.In the deep water,decomposition of organic matter weakened,and the dissolution of CaCO_3 controlled the carbonate system,and DIC had the smallest variation range.     

基于ICESat/GLAS的山东省SRTM与ASTER GDEM高程精度评价与修正

SRTM3和ASTER GDEM V2数据具有较高的空间分辨率和广泛的覆盖范围,对于地学研究具有重要意义;但在不同地形复杂度和地面覆盖物区域,两类数据的误差分布并不均匀。SRTM3和ASTER GDEM V2数据自公布以来,其精度修正一直是研究热点。然而大范围区域精度验证缺乏有效手段,传统方法可靠性差且数据获取成本较高。自ICESat-1数据公开以来,它们已成为SRTM3和ASTER GDEM V2精度评定的主要检核点。为此,本文以山东省为研究区域,借助ICESat-1评估了SRTM3和ASTER GDEM V2的高程精度,并根据插值误差曲面对两种DEM进行了修正。分析表明,原始SRTM和ASTER高程中误差分别为5.57 m和7.20 m,均高于标称精度;随着坡度的增大,高程精度呈降低的趋势。通过分析土地覆盖类型与误差分布关系表明:农田、灌丛土地类型精度较高;森林、湿地精度较低。分别采用反距离加权、普通克里金、地形转栅格和自然邻域插值方法构建误差曲面。结果表明:不同的插值方法构建的误差曲面的特征和精度也不同。其中,反距离加权修正的效果最佳,其次是地形转栅格和自然邻域,而普通克里金修正的效果最差。     

Objective Identification and Climatic Characteristics of Heavy-Precipitation Northeastern China Cold Vortexes

The northeastern China cold vortex(NCCV) plays an important role in regional rainstorms over East Asia. Using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Final reanalysis dataset and the Global Precipitation Measurement product,an objective algorithm for identifying heavy-precipitation NCCV(HPCV) events was designed, and the climatological features of 164 HPCV events from 2001 to 2019 were investigated. The number of HPCV events showed an upward linear trend, with the highest frequency of ...     

The Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Water and Heat Exchanges over the Alpine Wetland in the East of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Alpine wetland is one of the typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. It plays a crucial role in runoff regulation. Investigations on the mechanisms of water and heat exchanges are necessary to understand the land surface processes over the alpine wetland. This study explores the characteristics of hydro-meteorological factors with in situ observations and uses the Community Land Model 5 to identify the main factors controlling water and heat exchanges.Latent heat flux and therm...     

三维瓦片地图的制作及其二三维坐标转换的研究

随着计算机相关技术的发展和GIS产业应用的深入,三维瓦片地图因其视觉效果更加真实而发展前景一片光明,但它也存在如与二维地图之间的联系不是很紧密等诸多不完善之处。针对上述问题,本文利用Auto CAD和3Dmax软件对数据和贴图资料进行三维地形图制作,并通过地图切图得到三维瓦片地图;根据坐标转换算法,将二维数据叠加到三维瓦片地图中,并结合转换后的坐标值偏差现象,修正二三维坐标的转换算法;针对不同角度的三维瓦片地图,实现其多角度之间的相互转换。通过上述操作,提高了三维瓦片地图的精确性和实用性。