Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County,Yunnan, China: an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m~3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.     

Roanu台风中突然天气变化的自动气象站资料评估

以斯里兰卡南部5.936 108°N、80.574 900°E处的自动气象站（AWS）的气象时间序列观测数据为依据,对2015年12月至2016年10月大气边界层的变化进行了定量分析.结果表明,印度洋北部的季风、气温、气压、相对湿度、降水和向下短波辐射的扰动随着季风的逆转而变化.2016年5月台风Roanu经过时,气压降低、相对湿度增大、降水增强和向下短波辐射减小,其特征是温度、相对湿度、降水和风速均迅速增加,之后气温和降水下降,而气压、向下短波辐射在急剧减小之后又急剧增大.自动气象站记录了台风到达前的气象条件,并自2016年5月13日起各个参数开始响应台风变化.从2016年5月28日开始,自动气象站记录台风通过后的气象条件,此时降水和向下辐射均减少.这些信号说明应用自动气象站可以持续观测台风条件.这项研究表明,斯里兰卡南部地区的气象数据可以用来进行天气评估,并可以对南部沿海地区的海气关系现象进行分析.此外,自动气象站的现场数据可以用作模型验证和参数化.     

Sahel沙漠地区干旱的动力学机理

沙漠与周围地区相比,其较高的反照率使地表附近净辐射热量损失更多,由此产生的水平温度梯度会引起一种受摩擦作用控制的低层辐散环流。此环流在局地垂直方向上表现为下沉运动,这种下沉运动产生的绝热压缩会从位温较高的上层引进热量,以使局地达到热平衡。在副热带地区,这种下沉运动与哈德莱环流的下沉支叠加,但比后者强烈得多。这是沙漠地区气候自我反馈的一个重要方式。若考虑生态因素,这种反馈机制将在沙漠边缘地带导致不稳定或次稳定的情况发生。可以判断,撒哈拉沙漠南缘的Sahel地区植被减少,使该地区地表反照率上升,带来了上述下沉运动与额外的干燥效应,从而使干旱情况在此地一直持续。NASA戈达德太空研究所大气环流模式的积分模拟结果证实了这一假说:若将热带辐合带(ITCZ)北侧的地表反照率从14%调至35%,则ITCZ将南移若干个纬度,并且Sahel地区雨季的降水将会减少约40%。     

Demographic characteristics of the environs of Tarapur atomic power station

The authors examine the demographic characteristics of the area surrounding the Tarapur atomic power station in Maharashtra, India, in order to evaluate the advisability of increasing generation capacity and to understand the impact any accident might have on the region. They conclude that the prevailing wind patterns imply that any accident involving radioactive emissions would have serious implications for the health of the neighboring population. The authors therefore oppose expansion of the facility.     

热带气旋中的角动量输送

1.引言相对于热带气旋中心为垂直轴心所确定的绝对角动量(AAM)是分析和解释热带气旋动力学的有价值的、准守恒的工具。如果没有丰富而有效的气旋性AAM,也没有足量的AAM输送到中心以补偿所有的内部汇,气旋就不能形成或维持。所以研究气旋性角动量输入热带气旋的方式,可以提供对热带气旋起作用的那些重要的复杂机制的有     

Petrology of ultramafic to mafic cumulate rocks from the G?ksun(Kahramanmaras) ophiolite,southeast Turkey

The G?ksun(Kahramanmaras)ophiolite(GKO),cropping out in a tectonic window bounded by the Malatya metamorphic unit on both the north and south,is located in the EW-trending lower nappe zone of the southeast Anatolian orogenic belt(Turkey).It exhibits a complete oceanic lithospheric section and overlies the Middle Eocene Maden Group/Complex with a tectonic contact at its base.The ophiolitic rocks and the tectonically overlying Malatya metamorphic(continental)unit were intruded by I-type calc-alkaline Late Cretaceous granitoid(~81-84 Ma).The ultramafic to cumulates in the GKO are represented by wehrlite,plagioclase wehrlite,olivine gabbro and gabbro.The crystallization order for the cumulate rocks is as follows:olivine±chromian spinel→clinopyroxene→plagioclase.The major and trace element geochemistry as well as the mineral chemistry of the ultramafic to mafic cumulate rocks suggest that the primary magma generating the GKO is compositionally similar to that observed in the modern island-arc tholeiitic sequences.The mineral chemistry of the ultramafic to mafic cumulates indicates that they were derived from a mantle source that was previously depleted by earlier partial melting events.The highly magnesian olivine(Fo77-83),clinopyroxene(Mg#of 82-90)and the highly Ca-plagioclase(An81-89)exhibit a close similarity to those,which formed in a supra-subduction zone(SSZ)setting.The field and the geochemical evidence suggest that the GKO formed as part of a much larger sheet of oceanic lithosphere,which accreted to the base of the Tauride active continental margin,including the ispendere,K?mürhan and the Guleman ophiolites.The latter were contemporaneous and genetically/tectonically related within the same SSZ setting during the closure of the Neotethyan oceanic basin(Berit Ocean)between the Taurides to the north and the Bitlis-Pütürge massif to the south during the Late Cretaceous.     

Evidence for a Black Hole and Accretion Disk in the LINER NGC 4203

We examine the supernova remnant SNR 0540-697 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using data from the Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer. The X-ray emission from this supernova remnant (SNR) had previously been hidden in the bright emission of the nearby X-ray binary LMC X-1; however, new observations with Chandra can finally reveal the SNR's structure and spectrum. We find the SNR to be a thick-shelled structure about 19 pc in diameter, with a brightened northeast region. Spectral results suggest a temperature of 0.31 keV and an X-ray luminosity (0.3-3.0 keV) of 8.4x1033 ergs s(-1). We estimate an age of 12,000-20,000 yr for this SNR, but note that this estimate does not take into account the possibility of cavity expansion or other environmental effects.     

搭建地震方法和大地测量方法所检测的慢地震之间的桥梁

最近观测到的异常地震事件——深部低频地震和颤动、甚低频地震及慢滑动事件——形成了慢震群,而这个慢震群受控于不同于普通地震的标定律。根据这个标定律,我们在日本西部的纪伊半岛下方观测到了之前未知的事件,其震源持续时间约20-200s,矩震级为3～4级。这些地震在2～8Hz的频带范围内辐射能量,直接与其地震矩率成比例,但这个比例常数比一般地震小4～5个数量级。这个地区的慢地震可能是由大量的剪切滑动事件组成的,从地震方法上看,总体上会呈现为颤动或长达200s持续时间的较长独立事件,从大地测量方法上看,是慢滑动事件。     

阿尔卑斯山脉东南部地区震动图的实时生成研究

在阿尔卑斯山脉东南部地区进行了震动图（ShakeMap）的实时生成研究。ShakeMap软件系统已经在该地区安装,并已经可以与Antelope数据采集系统获得稳定的界面,能够从波形数据中提取地面运动的参数,并且在地震发生5min内生成震动图。为了评价台站密度的影响,我们计算了2004年博韦茨地震（斯洛文尼亚西北部）的合成地震图,以及不同网格大小虚拟台站的震动图。结果表明,密集且均匀的台站分布是产生精确震动图的基本条件,目前弗留利中部地区的台站密度已经足够可靠地估计最强烈震动区域范围内的震动程度。使用特定地区的地面运动预测方程和从记录到的地面运动预测宏观地震烈度的经验关系,相关的震动图能够实时或准实时地生成。通过弱震动（2007年克劳特地震）和强震动（1998年博韦茨地震）的观测数据和ShakeMap结果的比较,证明了该模型的正确性。     

尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区的构造地势

尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区的新构造运动和地球动力学的主要特征可以由本区的构造地势和构造基础面很好地表示出来。本地区山脉结构在横向上的划分与地质学上依构造特征而划分出来的单元相一致;在纵向上,则按照构造运动形成的不同山口将山脉划分为几段。由多个推覆体板片和形成众多Si walik期山前褶皱的印度次大陆俯冲断层构成的体系展示了喜马拉雅新构造动力学的主要过程。伴随这一动力学过程,出现了Mahabharat地区向斜核部地层被挤出及推覆体露头被剥蚀、喜马拉雅地区高倾斜基础面重力不稳性、整个喜马拉雅地区花岗岩岩基呈漂浮状态等地质现象。