南海西北陆坡火成岩体地震识别及分布规律

本文根据南海西北陆坡西沙海区及周缘地球物理资料,分析了火成岩体的形态特征及识别特征,并结合南海及周缘地区岩石学测年数据,对该区火成岩进行了期次划分,总结了各期分布规律。研究发现,本区火成岩体代表性产状主要有平柱状、锥状的喷出型,及星状刺穿侵入型。利用地震反射特征通过火成岩体与围岩接触总结了三个判断火成岩形成时代的标准分别为:接触关系、上覆地层沉积厚度及两侧地层对比,从而识别出同扩张期火成岩,并将本区火成岩形成时代分为三期:南海扩张期(32~16 Ma),岩浆活动主要集中在西北次海盆和西沙隆起边界,琼东南盆地及中建盆地也有零星分布;扩张结束后的早期(16~5.5 Ma),岩浆活动规模小、数量少,只零星分布在西沙隆起内,研究区的其他地方并不存在该期岩浆活动;扩张结束后的晚期(5.5 Ma至今),火成岩体个体面积较小、数量众多、分布广泛,几乎在全区都有分布,并可见部分该期火成岩与南海扩张期的火成岩呈明显的继承关系。本研究证实南海扩张期间,陆坡虽有岩浆活动,但较之火山型张裂边缘其规模较小,没有形成大火成岩省,也没有发现火山型张裂边缘中典型的向海倾斜反射(SDR),为南海北部陆缘是岩浆匮乏型张裂陆缘这一观点提供了坚实的依据。扩张结束后的晚期,即自5.5 Ma以来岩浆活动剧烈,与莺歌海盆地、琼东南盆地及西沙海区异常热沉降直接相关,并推测该期岩浆活动可能与海南地幔柱有关。     

Profile characteristics of temporal stability of soil water storage in two land uses

Information on soil water storage (SWS) within soil profiles is essential in order to characterize hydrological and biological processes. One of the challenges is to develop low cost and efficient sampling strategies for area estimation of profile SWS. To test the existence of certain sample locations which consistently represent mean behavior irrespective of soil profile wetness, temporal stability of SWS in ten soil layers from 0 to 400 cm was analyzed in two land uses (grassland and shrub land), on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Temporal stability analyses were conducted using two methods viz. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r _s) and mean relative differences. The results showed that both spatial variability and time stability of SWS increased with increasing soil depth, and this trend was mainly observed at above 200 cm depth. High r _s (p?<?0.01) indicated a strong temporal stability of spatial patterns for all soil layers. Temporal stability increased with increasing soil depth, based on either r _s or standard deviation of relative difference index. The boundary between the temporal unstable and stable layer of SWS for shrub land and grassland uses was 280 and 160 cm depth, respectively. No single location could represent the mean SWS for all ten soil layers. For temporal stable layers, however, some sampling locations could represent the mean SWS at different layers. With increasing soil depth, more locations were able to estimate the mean SWS of the area, and the accuracy of prediction for the representative locations also increased.     

西昆仑山库地蛇绿岩的特征及其构造意义

库地蛇绿岩套由下部超镁铁质岩、辉长岩、幔源型花岗岩和上部基性火山岩、复理石等成分构成,形成于震旦纪-寒武纪。通过基性的辉长岩、玄武岩的矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究得出,辉长岩表现出与典型蛇绿岩套中的堆晶辉长岩的特征相一致;而玄武岩则与大洋中脊玄武岩的特征一致,认为该蛇绿岩套是形成于洋中脊的蛇绿岩套。结合库地岛弧花岗岩的特征,提出塔里木盆地南缘在震旦纪-早古生代时期存在一个广阔的大洋,这一大洋在志留纪末期关闭。     

流滑型窝崩水流结构特征及其变化规律

针对长江中下游河段流滑型窝崩,进行水槽概化模拟试验,依据精细的流场观测数据,分析窝塘附近水流结构特征及变化规律,为探索此类崩岸力学机制奠定基础。结果表明,窝塘附近水流结构可分为口外主流区、口门涡流区和窝塘回流区三大区域。随着窝崩发展,三大区域内水流结构也随之产生变化。口外主流区基本为明渠弯道水流,有明显环流特征;口门涡流区呈现长条形态,其内存在多个大小、形态、位置和强度变化的涡旋,总体规律随主流快速下移不断破碎或分解,口门上、下两端水流呈明显三维特征且脉动性很强,水面波动剧烈;窝塘回流区内为典型空腔回流,随窝崩发展,其范围扩大,中心下移,形态由椭圆形趋向圆形,强度呈现增强-减弱-稳定的趋势。     

不同含水率条件下花岗岩脆性特征评价指标研究

准确评价花岗岩在不同含水率条件下的脆性特征对此类工程岩体稳定性评价具有重要的意义。总结国内外现有岩石脆性评价指标,着重对基于应力-应变曲线特征的指标适用性和准确性进行详细分析和讨论,结合单轴压缩条件下花岗岩脆性特征随含水率增加而逐渐降低的试验规律,指出目前常用的基于应力-应变曲线特征的指标难以全面准确反映不同含水率花岗岩脆性特征。基于此,综合考虑全过程应力-应变曲线及峰后破坏时间,应用峰值应变表征峰前脆性特征、峰后应力跌落速率及应变增长速率表征峰后脆性特征,由此提出一种能全面反映花岗岩变形破坏全过程的脆性评价新指标Bd。经试验证实,新指标Bd能够准确地反映出花岗岩在不同含水率条件下的脆性变化趋势,相比其他脆性评价指标具有一定优越性。研究成果对丰富和改进现有的岩石脆性评价指标具有一定的参考意义和价值。     

Mechanisms of isotopic control of precipitation in the Yellow River source region

The study of water vapour sources and water cycle patterns in the Yellow River source region is of great significance for ensuring water resource security in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. We established a precipitation stable isotope observation system in the Yellow River source region for three consecutive years (2020–2022), systematically analysed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of precipitation stable isotopes ²H and ¹⁸O in the Yellow River source region and their interrelationships with environmental factors and topography, and explored the regional water vapour transport pathways by using the HYSPLIT model and combining with the global reanalysis data. The results show that: (1) the δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of precipitation in the Yellow River source region follow the seasonal pattern, with the first half of the year being richer than the second half of the year; (2) the spatial variations of δ¹⁸O of precipitation in the Yellow River source region show a low in the southwest and a high in the northeast; (3) the water vapour source in the source area is basically stable, and the complex transport paths and the cross-effects of the local factors determine the stable isotope characteristics of the water, and the stable isotope characteristics of the water are determined by the cross-effects of the local factors, because the source of the water vapour and the local factors such as the height will not change significantly in the short term. Since the source of water vapour and local elevation factors will not change significantly in the short term, the precipitation pattern in the source area of the Yellow River can be considered to be basically stable.     

Influence of below-cloud evaporation on stable isotopes of precipitation in the Yellow River source region

The study of below-cloud evaporation effects under clouds in the Yellow River source region is of great significance for regional water resource generation as well as for water resource security in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. In this study, we quantitatively assessed the evapotranspiration effect in the Yellow River source region from March to November based on the improved Stewart model. The study concluded that: (1) below-cloud evaporation was slightly higher in summer than in other seasons (residual fractions of raindrop evaporation were 80.57% in summer, 81.12% in spring, and 84.2% in autumn, respectively); and (2) sub-cloud evaporation diminishes with increasing altitude (residual fractions of raindrop evaporation were 83.09% in the western part of the area, 81.82% in the central part of the area, and 81.36% in the eastern part of the area, respectively). (3) The total linear index between study areas f and ∆d is 2.24, where f > 95%, it is 1.19; that is, the evaporation of raindrops increases by 1% and the reduction in the excess of mercury by about 2‰. (4) Local meteorological factors (temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) and raindrop diameter have a cross-influence on below-cloud evaporation, with relative humidity having the most significant effect, with the highest correlation coefficient of 3.03 when relative humidity is less than 70%. The results of the study can provide a parameter basis for hydrological and climatic models in the Yellow River Basin.     

Seismic collapse simulation of existing masonry buildings with different retrofitting techniques

Masonry buildings are primarily constructed out of bricks and mortar which become discrete pieces and cannot sustain horizontal forces created by a strong earthquake.The collapse of masonry walls may cause significant human casualties and economic losses.To maintain their integrity,several methods have been developed to retrofit existing masonry buildings,such as the constructional RC frame which has been extensively used in China.In this study,a new method using precast steel reinforced concrete(PSRC)panels is developed.To demonstrate its effectiveness,numerical studies are conducted to investigate and compare the collapse behavior of a structure without retrofitting,retrofitted with a constructional RC frame,and retrofitted with external PSRC walls(PSRCW).Sophisticated finite element models(FEM)were developed and nonlinear time history analyses were carried out.The results show that the existing masonry building is severely damaged under occasional earthquakes,and totally collapsed under rare earthquakes.Both retrofitting techniques improve the seismic performance of existing masonry buildings.However,it is found that several occasional earthquakes caused collapse or partial collapse of the building retrofitted with the constructional RC frame,while the one retrofitted by the proposed PSRC wall system survives even under rare earthquakes.The effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting method on existing masonry buildings is thus fully demonstrated.     

Ordovician tectonic transition from passive margin into peripheral foreland in the southern Ordos: A diagnostic insight into the closure of Erlangping Ocean between the North Qinling Arc and North China Block

Achieving a reliable closure time of a back-arc ocean is an essential aspect in studies on detailed tectonic processes of an active continental margin and arc–continent collision. This is particularly the case for the northern Qinling Orogen, which records the accretion of the North Qinling Arc (NQA) onto the North China Block (NCB) after the Erlangping back-arc ocean closure. Sedimentological, petrological and geochronological signatures from the Ordovician successions in the southern Ordos reveal a tectonic transition from passive continental margin to peripheral foreland in the southern NCB at the beginning of Katian. Sedimentological and geochronological investigations reveal an abrupt shift of accelerating basin subsidence and deepening at the earliest Katian, separating ca. 300-m-thick shallow-marine carbonate shelf assemblages from overlying ca. 2000-m-thick deep-water carbonate slope and turbidite associations. Zircon age spectra of the Katian turbidites are characterized by early-Palaeozoic and Neoproterozoic age clusters, which are different from those of the Middle Ordovician quartz arenites sourced merely from the NCB basement. Instead, these age patterns match well with those of the coeval successions in the northern NQA, indicating a spatially linked abyssal deposystem. Stratigraphic architecture deciphers a typical foreland basin geometry, involving, from south to north, northward-propagating turbiditic wedge, northward-backstepping carbonate slope and progressively shoaling carbonate platform, embodying foredeep, forebulge and backbulge, respectively. These characteristics of basin-fill evolution reflect the northward migration of the flexural wave as a dynamic response to the northward expansion of the thickened NQA thrust wedge. Together with the other geological and geochronological data, our new insights indicate a southward subduction polarity of the Erlangping back-arc oceanic crust followed by its termination at ca. 450 Ma, which was earlier than that of the main Proto-Tethyan Shangdan Ocean between the NCB and South China Block. Our new data provide an updated view of the complex history of the Proto-Tethys closure during the Gondwana assembly.