气象影视设备集约化技术初探

目前有些地市局拥有两套非编设备,但是两套设备之间不能联网,达不到随时备份和提高设备利用率的目的。本文通过将两套非编设备并同虚拟机连成局域网,两套非编设备平时各自工作,一套录制,另一套可实时获取录制的素材并进行配音编辑,提高了设备的利用率;同时两套非编设备互为备份,在一套出现故障时,另一套非编能独立承担工作,不需要更改线路。通过气象影视设备的集约化改造,在保障节目质量的前提下,提高了工作效率,两个小时内录制七至八套节目成为现实,同时设备的互为备份,也保障了系统的可靠性。     

锡林郭勒盟草原火险气象等级预报方法的研究

依据国家草原火险等级划分标准,针对锡林郭勒盟的具体情况对指标体系进行逐月调整,运用多个气象因子和综合因子之间相关来确定草原火险天气等级标准,建立草原火险气象等级预报方程,并开发研制了草原火险气象等级预报服务系统,经过近1年的试运行,能够对草原火险天气进行很好的预报预测,同时指导草原火险的遥感监测业务.     

全球年平均人为热释放气候强迫的估算

利用能源经济领域具有权威性的英国石油公司(BP)世界能源统计资料和联合国人口统计资料,通过一些简单的数值计算,初步估算了人为热释放的全球气候强迫。结果表明:当前(2008年)全球年平均人为热释放的气候强迫还不是很大,约为0.031W/m2;但随着人口及能源消费总量的增加,未来人为热释放产生的全球年平均气候强迫将有可能达0.30W/m2。     

Intelligent optimization algorithms to VDA of models with on/off parameterizations

Some variational data assimilation (VDA) problems of time- and space-discrete models with on/off parameterizations can be regarded as non-smooth optimization problems. Same as the sub-gradient type method, intelligent optimization algorithms, which are widely used in engineering optimization, can also be adopted in VDA in virtue of their no requirement of cost functions gradient (or sub-gradient) and their capability of global convergence. Two typical intelligent optimization algorithms, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), are introduced to VDA of modified Lorenz equations with on-off parameterizations, then two VDA schemes are proposed, that is, GA based VDA (GA-VDA) and PSO based VDA (PSO-VDA). After revealing the advantage of GA and PSO over conventional adjoint methods in the ability of global searching at the existence of cost functions discontinuity induced by on-off switches, sensitivities of GA-VDA and PSO-VDA to population size, observational noise, model error and observational density are detailedly analyzed. Its shown that, in the context of modified Lorenz equations, with proper population size, GA-VDA and PSO-VDA can effectively estimate the global optimal solution, while PSO-VDA consumes much less computational time than GA-VDA with the same population size, and requires a much lower population size with nearly the same results, both methods are not very sensitive to observation noise and model error, while PSO-VDA shows a better performance with observational noise than GA-VDA. It is encouraging that both methods are not sensitive to observational density, especially PSO-VDA, using which almost the same perfect assimilation results can be obtained with comparatively sparse observations.     

The numerical scheme development of a simplified frozen soil model

In almost all frozen soil models used currently, three variables of temperature, ice content and moisture content are used as prognostic variables and the rate term, accounting for the contribution of the phase change between water and ice, is shown explicitly in both the energy and mass balance equations. The models must be solved by a numerical method with an iterative process, and the rate term of the phase change needs to be pre-estimated at the beginning in each iteration step. Since the rate term of the phase change in the energy equation is closely related to the release or absorption of the great amount of fusion heat, a small error in the rate term estimation will introduce greater error in the energy balance, which will amplify the error in the temperature calculation and in turn, cause problems for the numerical solution convergence. In this work, in order to first reduce the trouble, the methodology of the variable transformation is applied to a simplified frozen soil model used currently, which leads to new frozen soil scheme used in this work. In the new scheme, the enthalpy and the total water equivalent are used as predictive variables in the governing equations to replace temperature, volumetric soil moisture and ice content used in many current models. By doing so, the rate terms of the phase change are not shown explicitly in both the mass and energy equations and its pre-estimation is avoided. Secondly, in order to solve this new scheme more functionally, the development of the numerical scheme to the new scheme is described and a numerical algorithm appropriate to the numerical scheme is developed. In order to evaluate the new scheme of the frozen soil model and its relevant algorithm, a series of model evaluations are conducted by comparing numerical results from the new model scheme with three observational data sets. The comparisons show that the results from the model are in good agreement with these data sets in both the change trend of variables and their magnitude values, and the new scheme, together with the algorithm, is more efficient and saves more computer time.     

Spatial dependence of diurnal temperature range trends on precipitation from 1950 to 2004

This paper analyzes the spatial dependence of annual diurnal temperature range (DTR) trends from 1950–2004 on the annual climatology of three variables: precipitation, cloud cover, and leaf area index (LAI), by classifying the global land into various climatic regions based on the climatological annual precipitation. The regional average trends for annual minimum temperature (T _min) and DTR exhibit significant spatial correlations with the climatological values of these three variables, while such correlation for annual maximum temperature (T _max) is very weak. In general, the magnitude of the downward trend of DTR and the warming trend of T _min decreases with increasing precipitation amount, cloud cover, and LAI, i.e., with stronger DTR decreasing trends over drier regions. Such spatial dependence of T _min and DTR trends on the climatological precipitation possibly reflects large-scale effects of increased global greenhouse gases and aerosols (and associated changes in cloudiness, soil moisture, and water vapor) during the later half of the twentieth century.     

近45年来河北省极端降水事件的变化研究

利用河北省1961-2005年逐日降水资料,采用通用的极端气候指数,分析了近45年河北省极端降水事件频率变化的时空特征.结果表明,全省平均年最大日降水量呈下降趋势,1980年为由多向少的转折点;强降水日数和暴雨日数变化不大,但南部平原地区一般减少,北部山地区域多有增加,暴雨日数和强度在1990年代中后期显著增加;降水日数有较明显减少,南部和东南部平原减少更显著;降水日数的减少主要是中、小雨(雪)日数减少造成的.这些结果说明,河北省强降水日数和暴雨日数在降水日数中的比重有增大趋势,强降水量和暴雨降水量在总降水量中的比重可能增加了.这种相对增加趋势主要发生在1990年代中期以后.     

基于历史样本投影的四维变分陆面数据同化方法及其初步应用

法面临着计算量上的挑战。本研究将一种历史样本投影的四维变分同化方法(Historical-Sample-Projection4DVar,简写为HSP-4DVar)应用于陆面数据同化,建立起CoLM陆面模型的HSP-4DVar系统。相比其他四维变分同化方法,HSP-4DVar的分析值是显式求解,不需要编写和使用伴随模式,从而大大节省了计算量,是一种易于实现的同化方案。通过同化56个月的土壤湿度观测数据表明,新的陆面同化系统不仅省时,而且能够有效吸取观测信息,使得同化后的均方根误差显著降低,各层土壤湿度模拟都有所改善,陆表1000mm层的改善最为明显。     

K(o)hler方程的分析与修正

Kohler方程是云物理学中的一个基础公式,是云滴形成理论的重要组成部分。我们在研究中对Kohler公式推导和假设提出了一些疑问,如未考虑液滴生长过程中浓度、范德霍夫系数等变化对方程所产生的影响,并给出了解决方式,同时利用另一种推导方式讨论Kohler公式的应用,加强了Kohler方程与实际云滴核化过程的结合。     

灵山县冬季气温空间分布特点的初步分析

基于广西灵山县2007/2008、2008/2009年冬季各乡镇自动气象站实况记录资料,按晴天、阴天、雨天、多云到晴及辐射寒害、平流寒害(湿冷)等天气类型,分析各天气类型下各时次气温变化特点及影响因素.结果表明:在晴天和辐射寒害天气类型下,气温昼夜变化及空间分布差异最为明显,多云到晴天气次之,阴天、雨天和平流寒害气温度昼夜变化及空间差异相对较小;气温空间分布的差异,既与自动气象站地理位置,包括纬度、海拔高度等因素有关,也与自动气象站临近环境状况有关.