Hydrothermal plume mapping as a prospecting tool for seafloor sulfide deposits: a case study at the Zouyu-1 and Zouyu-2 hydrothermal fields in the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Seafloor hydrothermal polymetallic sulfide deposits are a new type of resource, with great potential economic value and good prospect development. This paper discusses turbidity, oxidation–reduction potential, and temperature anomalies of hydrothermal plumes from the Zouyu-1 and Zouyu-2 hydrothermal fields on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We use the known location of these vent fields and plume data collected in multiple years (2009, 2011, 2013) to demonstrate how real-time plume exploration can be used to locate active vent fields, and thus associated sulfide deposits. Turbidity anomalies can be detected 10 s of km from an active source, but the location precision is no better than a few kilometers because fine-grained particles are quasi-conservative over periods of many days. Temperature and oxidation–reduction potential anomalies provide location precision of a few hundred meters. Temperature anomalies are generally weak and difficult to reliably detect, except by chance encounters of a buoyant plume. Oxidation–reduction potential is highly sensitive (nmol concentrations of reduced hydrothermal chemicals) to discharges of all temperatures and responds immediately to a plume encounter. Real-time surveys using continuous tows of turbidity and oxidation–reduction potential sensors offer the most efficient and precise surface ship exploration presently possible.     

<Superscript>230</Superscript>Th/<Superscript>238</Superscript>U dating of hydrothermal sulfides from Duanqiao hydrothermal field,Southwest Indian Ridge

Duanqiao hydrothermal field is located between the Indomed and Gallieni fracture zones at the central volcano, at 50°28′E in the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Twenty-eight subsamples from a relict chimney and massive sulfides were dated using the ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U method. Four main episodes of hydrothermal activity were determined according to the restricted results: 68.9–84.3, 43.9–48.4, 25.3–34.8, and 0.7–17.3 kyrs. Hydrothermal activity of Duanqiao probably started about 84.3 (±0.5) kyrs ago and ceased about 0.737 (±0.023) kyrs ago. The periodic character of hydrothermal activity may be related to the heat source provided by the interaction of local magmatism and tectonism. The estimated mean growth rate of the sulfide chimney is <0.02 mm/yr. This study is the first to estimate the growth rate of chimneys in the SWIR. The maximum age of the relict chimney in Duanqiao hydrothermal filed is close to that of the chimneys from Mt. Jourdanne (70 kyrs). The hydrothermal activity in Dragon Flag field is much more recent than that of Duanqiao or Mt. Jourdanne fields. The massive sulfides are younger than the sulfides from other hydrothermal fields such as Rainbow, Sonne and Ashadze-2. The preliminarily estimated reserves of sulfide ores of Duanqiao are approximately 0.5–2.9 million tons.     

关于澜沧江正源问题

通过对澜沧江源头地区的水文、气候、地貌及河流特征等实地考察后确认,澜沧江正源应为扎阿曲,发源于青海省玉树藏族自治州杂多县阿青乡拉赛贡玛山南面的冰川末端。     

资源三号卫星在区域地质灾害应急监测中的应用——以山西省为例

遥感技术已成为当前应对突发地质灾害应急监测的一种重要技术手段。本文将资源三号卫星遥感影像应用于区域地质灾害应急监测中,研究了资源三号卫星区域RPC参数的修正方法,并联合DEM和控制点建立了区域影像快速正射纠正的方法流程;利用长治地区的资源三号卫星影像进行了正射纠正试验与分析,总体满足区域地质灾害应急监测对遥感影像的精度要求。利用该方法制作完成的地质灾害区域遥感影像已应用于山西省突发地质灾害遥感监测指挥系统项目中并取得了较好的应用效果。     

基于GWR的四川省医院床位数时空分布及其影响因素研究

合理配置医疗资源是加快医疗体系建设的重要基础和内在要求,研究自然和经济社会因素对医疗资源配置的影响,可为医疗服务体系科学规划和建设提供有力支持。本文以2000-2002年、2005-2007年、2010-2012年3个时期的四川省区县公立医院床位数为例,利用空间分析技术研究了区县床位的时空变化特征,并采用地理加权回归模型方法解释了经济、人口、交通、地形等因素对其时空异质性的影响。结果表明:2000-2012年,川东地区的床位数总体高于川西高原,在区县尺度呈现显著的空间聚集性分布特征(3个时期的漠然指数分别为0.16、0.15、0.18,p<0.01),其时空异质性与地形、人口、经济及交通等因素关系密切,且地形起伏度、人口、交通要素在川西高原影响尤为明显。因此,应依据四川省医疗水平的现状和驱动因子的效应机理,因地制宜规划和建设医疗卫生服务体系,促使其平衡发展,以提高医疗卫生基础设施对居民健康的保障能力。     

海事测绘CAD数据空间矫正共享模型

海事测绘部门早期积累的数据多为CAD格式数据,由于CAD平台缺乏空间分析能力,且其数据结构、存储方式、表征形式、空间参考等方面均具有一定的局限性,给数据在海事测绘部门之间的应用与共享带来了诸多不便。本文针对CAD数据在海事测绘领域应用与共享中存在的问题,提出了采用参考点矫正原始数据、投影变换、分层转换等方式,基于ArcGIS平台实现了海事测绘CAD数据的共享技术模型,为其数据向其他海事测绘数据格式的共享提供了一个有效的解决方案。     

A Finite Layer Formulation for Groundwater Flow to Horizontal Wells

A finite layer approach for the general problem of three‐dimensional (3D) flow to horizontal wells in multilayered aquifer systems is presented, in which the unconfined flow can be taken into account. The flow is approximated by an integration of the standard finite element method in vertical direction and the analytical techniques in the other spatial directions. Because only the vertical discretization is involved, the horizontal wells can be completely contained in one specific nodal plane without discretization. Moreover, due to the analytical eigenfunctions introduced in the formulation, the weighted residual equations can be decoupled, and the formulas for the global matrices and flow vector corresponding to horizontal wells can be obtained explicitly. Consequently, the bandwidth of the global matrices and computational cost rising from 3D analysis can be significantly reduced. Two comparisons to the existing solutions are made to verify the validity of the formulation, including transient flow to horizontal wells in confined and unconfined aquifers. Furthermore, an additional numerical application to horizontal wells in three‐layered systems is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the present method in modeling flow in more complex aquifer systems.     

西安市大气降尘的磁学特征及其环境意义

对西安市电子二路(XZ)和长安区郭杜镇(XCA)两个样点2012年1月至2013年12月连续两年的大气降尘进行详细系统环境磁学实验分析。结果表明:西安市大气降尘中磁性矿物含量相对较高,主要的磁性矿物为多畴和假单畴的低矫顽力亚铁磁性矿物,并伴有少量的赤铁矿等高矫顽力的硬磁性矿物,磁畴主要由粗颗粒的MD(多畴)和PSD(准单畴)组成。XZ样点大气降尘的磁性浓度和磁性矿物的粒径大于XCA样点,表明城市不同功能区污染源类型存在差异。西安市大气降尘磁性矿物含量表现出明显的季节变化的特征,5-8月(夏季)磁性矿物的浓度明显较低,10月到次年的1月(冬季)是磁性矿物浓度最大的时期,这主要与采暖期排放源的变化有关,另外,西安市特殊的地形和气象因素对大气粉尘的扩散产生重要的影响,导致冬季粉尘的富集。     

探地雷达在福建漳浦海岸抛物线沙丘沉积构造探测中的应用

本文进行了探地雷达在福建漳浦六鳌半岛海岸抛物线沙丘沉积构造探测中的初步应用。结果表明:(1)被探测海岸沙丘的粒度、含水量等理化性质,不同的天线频率,室内数字滤波、增益调适等图像处理环节,均会对探地雷达的探测结果产生影响。(2)本次探测结果以及人工砂坑剖面表明探地雷达是探测海岸沙丘沉积构造的良好手段。(3)通过判读探地雷达图像显示的沉积构造序列组合特点,并根据最近数十年研究区海岸环境演变初步调查结果,认为所探测海岸抛物线沙丘的发育过程,经历了早期海滩脊出露海面、继而发育植被和抛物线沙丘两个阶段。     

基于单程波偏移算子的地表相关多次波成像

在常规地震资料处理中,多次反射波被视为噪声并从地震数据中去除,以免在之后的地震资料解释中造成误解.而事实上,多次波也是地震信号,是照明波场的一部分,能够对地下构造成像的精度做出贡献.本文分析了多次波在传统单程波叠前深度偏移中产生构造假象的机制和表现,为实现基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像,修改了单程波叠前深度偏移的边界条件,即将输入的震源波场用包含多次波的记录来替代,输入的记录波场用预测出的表层相关多次波来替代,实现了基于单程波偏移算子的地表相关多次波成像,并从理论上给出了其成像依据.通过基于二范式最小能量差原则求取的匹配因子,将多次波成像结果与一次波成像结果进行匹配叠加,应用多次波成像来弥补一次波成像的不足.简单模型验证了基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像方法的有效性,最后对Sigsbee2B模型进行了一次波与多次波联合成像试算,盐边界高陡构造成像质量得到了明显改善.