环渤海近海岸雾产生的天气条件及边界层特征分析

利用渤海沿岸微波辐射计、风廓线雷达、四分量辐射仪和超声风速仪等多种观测反演资料,并结合常规站点气象资料,卫星云图,浮标气象水文观测和FNL（Final）再分析资料研究了2016年12月17~19日一次环渤海大雾个例产生的天气水文条件以及边界层垂直分层的辐射和湍流特征。研究发现:（1）此次大雾出现在大陆低压前部、入海高压后部的西南低空急流控制区域,与强急流相伴的暖湿平流输送为雾区提供了稳定的逆温和持续的水汽积累,非常有利于大雾天气的形成;（2）水汽通量的分布与低空急流的移动密切相关,近地面比湿的增速与低空急流的强度成正比;（3）由于低空急流的水汽输送增湿了环渤海低层大气,从而增强了大气辐射的衰减效应,导致雾形成前向下短波辐射逐渐减小,向下长波辐射不断增加,净辐射在大雾形成后趋近于零;（4）逆温有效抑制了湍流的发展,近地层湍流动能和摩擦速度微弱。     

天津一次雾过程的边界层特征研究

雾作为边界层内一种特殊的天气现象与边界层结构有着密切联系。本文利用天津边界层梯度观测平台分析2010年11月28日至12月2日一次雾过程的边界层结构特征。结果表明:此次过程雾Ⅰ阶段水汽最先在离地面80～100 m的高度凝结,雾Ⅱ(平流雾)阶段水汽由上往下传输;雾Ⅰ前,大气有明显的逆温,雾Ⅱ前大气处于不稳定状态,雾中大气趋于中性,在雾变薄过程中,边界层气象塔可观测到雾顶的强逆温;雾中长波辐射达到平衡,净长波辐射为0,可用此区分水雾和霾;雾对光化学烟雾有抑制作用,NO_x和小粒子会出现累积,影响人体健康。     

Chemical constituents of marine medicinal mangrove plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sonneratia caseolaris</Emphasis>

Twenty-four compounds including eight steroids (1–8), nine triterpenoids (9–16, 24), three flavonoids (20–22), and four benzenecarboxylic derivatives (17–19, 23) were isolated and identified from stems and twigs of medicinal mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data. Among these metabolites, compounds 1, 4–20 and 22–24 were isolated and identified for the first time from S. caseolaris. In the in vitro cytotoxic assay against SMMC-7721 human hepatoma cells, compound 21 (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) exhibited significant activity with IC₅₀ 2.8 μg/mL, while oleanolic acid (14), 3,3′-di-O-methyl ether ellagic acid (18), and 3,3′,4-O-tri-O-methyl ether ellagic acid (19) showed weak activity. None of these compounds displayed significant antibacterial activites. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30770234); Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW-211-04); Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province (No.2006GG2205023)     

一次持续性大雾边界层结构特征及诊断分析

2010年11月30日至12月2日,冀中南部及天津地区出现了一次大范围的大雾天气,持续时间长达3 d,其中石家庄浓雾持续时间长达34 h,强浓雾持续时间7 h。利用加密自动站、天津市250 m气象铁塔梯度观测资料,结合常规气象资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对连续性大雾边界层结构特征以及大雾的形成、发展维持和消散进行了诊断分析。研究得到:大雾形成前期地面持续东风,有利水汽的聚积;当地面风向转为偏北风时促进水汽凝结,致使大雾形成,大雾形成后再次转为长时间偏东风有利大雾的维持和加强;850 hPa以下西南暖湿气流和近地面层逆温的长时间维持,是平流大雾持续的主要原因;低层3支水汽的输送及850 hPa的西南急流重建直接导致了强浓雾形成。大雾维持加强期间,边界层风速为1~2 m·s~(-1),尤其是强浓雾期间,风速仅为1 m·s~(-1);当边界层4 m·s~(-1)以上西北风速从250 m逐渐下传至地面时,逆温层破坏,大雾天气结束。     

不同边界层参数化方案对台风“利奇马”模拟的影响研究

基于中尺度数值模式WRF,对比分析了六种大气边界层物理过程参数化方案(BouLac、MYJ、UW、YSU、ACM2、SH)对台风“利奇马”模拟结果的影响。结果表明,不同边界层方案对“利奇马”路径的模拟结果影响较小,但对其强度和结构演变的模拟结果影响显著。其中,局地闭合方案UW方案模拟的结果最强,局地闭合方案BouLac次之,而局地闭合方案MYJ和三种非局地闭合方案YSU、ACM2和SH的模拟强度都较弱。这些方案中,BouLac模拟的海平面最低气压与实况最为接近。通过对比这些边界层方案的模拟结果发现,由于台风强度的差异受到热力和动力的共同影响,边界层方案如模拟得到的地表潜热通量和边界层中湍流扩散系数较大,将导致较大的径向风和低层辐合,从而模拟得到较强的台风强度;反之,则台风强度较弱。      

天津平流雾过程及其空中微物理特征个例研究

2016/2017冬季在天津开展了平流雾微物理特征观测试验,结合距地66 m高度处雾滴谱和255 m气象塔大气边界层资料,借助突变和趋势一致性非参数检验方法对重度霾后接连发生的两次平流雾过程发展阶段进行客观划分,揭示雾体内部一定高度处雾滴微物理特征和尺度分布特征的观测事实,讨论其生消演变规律。结果表明,伴随西南暖湿平流,饱和层首先在空中出现并向地面扩展,雾过程中成熟阶段观测高度范围内升温,雾层处于中性或弱不稳定层结状态。66 m高度处大雾滴持续存在,微物理特征与地面能见度准同步变化,数浓度高值出现在成熟阶段初期,而含水量、特征直径高值出现在成熟阶段后期,对应成熟阶段后期雾滴数浓度减少、地面能见度小幅跃升。消散阶段各尺度数浓度因雾滴蒸发同步减小。     

Chemical constituents of marine mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Alternaria tenuissima EN-192

A chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of Alternaria tenuissima EN-192,an endophytic fungus obtained from the stems of the marine mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa,resulted in the isolation of nine known secondary metabolites,including four indole-diterpenoids:penijanthine A(1),paspaline(2),paspalinine(3),and penitrem A(4);three tricycloalternarene derivatives:tricycloalternarene 3a(5),tricycloalternarene 1b(6),and tricycloalternarene 2b(7);and two alternariol congeners:djalonensone(8) and alternariol(9).The chemical structures of these metabolites were characterized through a combination of detailed spectroscopic analyses and their comparison with reports from the literature.The inhibitory activities of each isolated compound against four bacteria were evaluated and compounds 5 and 8 displayed moderate activity against the aquaculture pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum,with inhibition zone diameters of 8 and 9 mm,respectively,at 100 μg/disk.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report on the secondary metabolites of mangrove-derived Alternaria tenuissima and also the first report of the isolation of indole-diterpenoids from fungal genus Alternaria.     

华北地区平流雾过程湍流输送及演变特征

利用2006年2月在天津市南部地区开展的大气湍流观测资料, 分析了平流雾生消过程中湍流输送及演变特征。结果表明: 平流雾生消过程中, 大气稳定度参数数值主要集中在弱不稳定到弱稳定范围内, 且多呈现弱不稳定状态。雾前, 大气呈弱不稳定状态, 热量的垂直和水平输送短时加强, 且水平输送较垂直输送更显著; 雾生成初期, 大气呈弱稳定层结, 湍流动量和热量的垂直及水平输送均很弱; 雾中, 大气多呈弱不稳定状态, 稳定度参数、 动量、 热量及水平与垂直热通量之比值随时间均呈多峰形振荡, 随着雾的消散, 大气由弱不稳定逐渐演变为稳定状态; 雾后, 低层大气再次呈现弱不稳定层结特征, 动量和热量输送呈单峰形日变化特征。平流雾生消过程中, 热量的水平输送随不稳定度增强而迅速减小; 大气呈稳定层结时, 热量的水平输送显著大于垂直输送, 其比值约为2。同时, 摩擦速度、 水平与垂直热通量之比值呈多峰形振荡, 振幅分别可达1.2 m/s及50。     

Characteristics of Turbulent Transfer during Episodes of Heavy Haze Pollution in Beijing in Winter 2016/17

We analyzed the structure and evolution of turbulent transfer and the wind profile in the atmospheric boundary layer in relation to aerosol concentrations during an episode of heavy haze pollution from 6 December 2016 to 9 January 2017. The turbulence data were recorded at Peking University’s atmospheric science and environment observation station. The results showed a negative correlation between the wind speed and the PM_2.5 concentration. The turbulence kinetic energy was large and showed obvious diurnal variations during unpolluted (clean) weather, but was small during episodes of heavy haze pollution. Under both clean and heavy haze conditions, the relation between the non-dimensional wind components and the stability parameter z/L followed a 1/3 power law, but the normalized standard deviations of the wind speed were smaller during heavy pollution events than during clean periods under near-neutral conditions. Under unstable conditions, the normalized standard deviation of the potential temperature σ _θ /|θ_*| was related to z/L, roughly following a –1/3 power law, and the ratio during pollution days was greater than that during clean days. The three-dimensional turbulence energy spectra satisfied a –2/3 power exponent rate in the high-frequency band. In the low-frequency band, the wind velocity spectrum curve was related to the stability parameters under clear conditions, but was not related to atmospheric stratification under polluted conditions. In the dissipation stage of the heavy pollution episode, the horizontal wind speed first started to increase at high altitudes and then gradually decreased at lower altitudes. The strong upward motion during this stage was an important dynamic factor in the dissipation of the heavy haze.