基于列车运行网络的中国城市中心性分析

 本文基于铁路运行网络,利用复杂网络分析方法中的中心性评价指标,对城市在铁路网络中的中心性进行了分析。我们根据列车时刻表基于L空间模型,构建了铁路运营网络,计算了铁路运营网络中节点城市的不同中心性指标,包括度中心性、邻近中心性和介中心性。这3个指标从不同角度衡量了城市在铁路运输网络中的地位和功能,我们分析了这3个中心性指标的空间分布特征及相关性,并探讨了中心性指标与城市发展之间的关系,进一步揭示铁路网络结构对城市发展的影响。     

Assessing sound exposure from shipping in coastal waters using a single hydrophone and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data

Underwater noise from shipping is a growing presence throughout the world's oceans, and may be subjecting marine fauna to chronic noise exposure with potentially severe long-term consequences. The coincidence of dense shipping activity and sensitive marine ecosystems in coastal environments is of particular concern, and noise assessment methodologies which describe the high temporal variability of sound exposure in these areas are needed. We present a method of characterising sound exposure from shipping using continuous passive acoustic monitoring combined with Automatic Identification System (AIS) shipping data. The method is applied to data recorded in Falmouth Bay, UK. Absolute and relative levels of intermittent ship noise contributions to the 24-h sound exposure level are determined using an adaptive threshold, and the spatial distribution of potential ship sources is then analysed using AIS data. This technique can be used to prioritize shipping noise mitigation strategies in coastal marine environments.     

城市居民认知距离透视认知变形——以北京市为例

对距离的认知是人类建立认知空间框架的重要基础.本文在相关研究的基础上,对认知距离的特点进行了分析,提出从数量认知距离与实际认知距离两种分析角度来分析这一概念.通过分别利用定义一元线性回归.与采用多维标度法(MDS)及二维回归(BR),对认知距离的标量变形和向量变形进行定量分析.在此基础上,以北京市为例,对北京市居民进行抽样调查.通过认知心理学实验的方式,令被试估计城市主要地标两两之间的距离.对实验结果分别将上述方法应用于计算北京市居民在标量变形和向量变形的定量化表示,并进一步通过方差分析(ANOVA)讨论了影响北京市居民对城市距离认知变形的因素,包括年龄、居住地区等.     

城市建成环境存量的空间计算：进展及展望

城市建成环境是人类赖以生存的人造环境,城市建成环境存量是指城市中建筑物和基础设施的材料质量。反演城市建成环境存量的空间分布,是数字城市建设的新方向,它能够帮助我们了解城市发展模式,更加有效管理城市资源和废弃物等,对发展城市循环经济、实现城市的可持续发展有着十分重要的意义。本文详细介绍了城市建成环境存量空间计算的3种方法（自上而下、自下而上和遥感计算方法）的理论基础和发展现状,总结了目前的几中方法都存在着过度依赖统计数据、无法兼顾研究区域大尺度和高空间分辨率等问题。在地理大数据时代,更多的数据源为存量的计算带来了新的研究方向。本文总结了新数据源的优势,并展望了结合地理大数据和机器学习方法的存量计算方法,为城市建成环境存量的空间计算提供了一种新的思路。     

地理空间认知综述

地理空间认知研究是地理信息科学的核心内容之一,包括地理事物在地理空间中位置的研究和地理事物本身性质的研究。地理空间认知作为认知科学与地理科学的交叉学科,需将认知科学研究成果进行基于地理科学的特化研究。从认知过程的角度对地理空间认知研究进行综述,包括地理知觉、地理表象、地理概念化、地理知识的心理表征和地理空间推理。     

淮南煤田地下水水化学空间分布及其形成作用

为探究淮南煤田地下水的空间分布情况及各项水化学作用的强度,将淮南煤田划分为松散层较厚的北部区域与松散层较薄的南部区域,收集了两区域16个矿井主要突水含水层的水化学测试数据,综合采用离子组合法、Gibbs图、氯碱指数等方法研究了各含水层的地下水水化学特征。研究结果表明:地下水总溶解固体与松散层埋藏厚度呈正相关,其均值范围在951.92~2 667.79 mg/L。随着松散层厚度的增大,脱硫酸、浓缩结晶及阳离子交替吸附等水化学成分形成作用得到增强,使SO₄2-不断消耗形成HCO₃-,导致溶解度小的HCO₃-结合Ca2+、Mg2+析出,并最终形成以NaCl主导的高矿化度水体。该结论将为深部煤矿区水害防治、水资源利用等提供一定借鉴作用。      

Use of the clam Asaphis deflorata as a potential indicator of organochlorine bioaccumulation in Hong Kong coastal sediments

In order to test its ability as a bioaccumulator, the deposit feeding clam Asaphis deflorata, collected from a clean coastal area in Hong Kong (Ding Chau, Ma On Shan), was exposed to field-collected sediments representing a gradient of contamination. Sediments were collected from four sites, namely Shek O in the southeast of Hong Kong Island, Ap Lei Chau in Aberdeen district, Tai Kok Tsui in the Mong Kok waterfront, and To Kwa Wan near Kowloon City pier. Shek O was the cleanest and To Kwa Wan was the most polluted site. Replicate 30L fiberglass tanks containing equal numbers of organisms were maintained for 28 days, with equal quantities of sediment and filtered seawater. Prior to this the animals were depurated for 10 days in clean sediment. During the 28-day holding period, sampling of both sediment and clams was performed on days 0, 10 and 28, along with condition index measurements. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in sediments showed that Shek O was the cleanest of the sites, followed by Ap Lei Chau, Tai Kok Tsui and To Kwa Wan. There were marked differences among the sites, especially in PAH concentrations, with To Kwa Wan showing extremely high sediment concentrations. Following exposure, the biota concentrations of various organochlorine pesticides and PCBs suggested that there was sediment concentration-dependent accumulation by A. deflorata on day 10 of the experiment. However, there was no significant increase on day 28 for any of the compounds tested. Contaminant concentrations in clams feeding on Shek O sediments were minimal and almost the same on all sampling days, indicating the presence of only baseline contaminant concentrations. The condition indices (CI) of the clams on various sampling days showed that the animals were relatively more stable in sediment from Shek O. There were some deaths in all the test tanks (including those containing Shek O sediments). In addition, clams appeared to bury faster in the cleaner Shek O sediment and remained buried, unlike those in the sediment from the other locations, where some remained predominantly on the surface. Nevertheless, despite not completely burying, the clams in other test sediments still exhibited sediment concentration-dependent tissue accumulation. The results of the investigation indicate the possibility of developing a standard test protocol for bioaccumulation by sediment dwelling invertebrates, for practical use in Hong Kong, using A. deflorata.     

地理空间因果原则及地理空间效应的因果发现

地理大数据的崛起和深度学习技术的发展为解决地理空间分析难题带来了新机遇,然而,现有方法根植于统计相关性,而相关性模式的伪装性和欺骗性以及数据固有的偏差陷阱,导致无法得到可靠的地理空间分析结果。该问题的根源在于违反一个基本原则：数据的相关性并不意味着因果性,而后者是地理学研究的两个主要任务,即揭示未知具体事实和发现一般性规律机理的关键所在。地理科学研究的观察性与地理系统的复杂性和未知性使得无论是因果的哲学定义、随机对照试验以及其他观察性研究使用的准实验方法,都难以直接应用于地理科学因果研究。基于地理空间因果的基本性质假设,提出了地理空间因果原则,旨在为地理空间分析中的因果性研究提供基础理论与方法支撑,同时,梳理了地理空间因果原则和地理分析中空间效应的关系,给出各个效应下的因果发现关键路径。     

渭南市冰雹云雷达回波特征分析

通过对渭南市1996—2005年10 a 711雷达观测资料和地面实况资料的统计,针对其中166个冰雹云雷达回波样本进行对比分析,主要从回波强度、回波顶高和RH I回波宽度3个参数特征着手,找出了渭南市冰雹云雷达回波参数特征及回波的外形特征。渭南市冰雹云回波中心强度主要集中在55.0~59.9 dB z,回波顶高多集中在10~13 km之间;冰雹云回波高度和回波强度之间没有正比关系;冰雹云RH I回波宽度与冰雹灾害程度成反比;降雹回波多以孤立的块状和带状回波出现。