Numerical evaluation of seismic response of shallow foundation on loose silt and silty sand

This study includes the results of a set of numerical simulations carried out for sands containing plastic/non-plastic fines, and silts with relative densities of approximately 30?40% under different surcharges on the shallow foundation using FLAC 2D. Each model was subjected to three ground motion events, obtained by scaling the amplitude of the El Centro (1940), Kobe (1995) and Kocaeli (1999) Q12earthquakes. Dynamic behaviour of loose deposits underlying shallow foundations is evaluated through fully coupled nonlinear effective stress dynamic analyses. Effects of nonlinear soil structure interaction (SSI) were also considered by using interface elements. This parametric study evaluates the effects of soil type, structure weight, liquefiable soil layer thickness, event parameters (e.g., moment magnitude of earthquake (M _w ), peak ground acceleration PGA, PGV/PGA ratio and the duration of strong motion (D _5?95) and their interactions on the seismic responses. Investigation on the effects of these parameters and their complex interactions can be a valuable tool to gain new insights for improved seismic design and construction.     

Diagenetic and Depositional Impacts on the Reservoir Quality of the Upper Jurassic Arab Formation in the Balal Oilfield,Offshore Iran

The Kimmeridgian‐Tithonian aged Arab Formation, as the main reservoir of the Jurassic succession in the Balal oilfield, located in the offshore region of the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, is investigated in this study. The formation is composed of dolomites and limestones with anhydrite interbeds. Based on detailed petrographic studies, six microfacies are recognized, which are classified in four sub‐environments including supratidal, intertidal, lagoonal and the high energy shoal of a homoclinal carbonate ramp. The main diagenetic features of the studied succession include dolomitization, anhydritization, cementation, micritization, fracturing and compaction. Based on stable isotope data, dolomitization of the upper Arab carbonates is related to sabkha settings (i.e. evaporative type). In terms of sequence stratigraphy, three shallowing‐upward sequences are recognized, based on core and wireline log data from four wells of the studied field. Considering depositional and diagenetic effects on the reservoir quality, the studied facies are classified into eight reservoir rock types (RRT) with distinct reservoir qualities. Dolomitization has played a major role in reservoir quality enhancement, whereas anhydritization, carbonate cementation, and compaction have damaged the pore throat network. Distribution of the recognized RRTs in time and space are discussed within the context of a sequence stratigraphic framework.     

古尔班通古特沙漠地表土壤凝结水形成影响因素分析*

沙漠中水分条件是决定生态分异的关键因素,地表凝结水的产生对沙漠植物与结皮生物的水分补充有重要的作用。利用微渗计对古尔班通古特沙漠土壤表层凝结水形成特征及影响因素进行分析。研究表明沙漠土壤凝结水形成总量随着表层土壤生物演替从流沙、藻类、地衣和苔藓依次增加。分析影响凝结水形成的因素表明土壤中细粒物质以及地衣和苔藓生物相对土壤粗粒物质更有利于凝结水形成。在土壤结皮演替过程中土壤中的细粒颗粒含量增加的同时生物有机体含量也在增加,因而随着表层土壤生物演替凝结水形成量呈增加趋势。凝结水形成量与日均相对湿度、土壤湿度呈显著正相关,而与日均风速、日均温度、土壤温度呈负相关。研究说明在干旱的沙漠地带土壤凝结水是除降水以外补充表层土壤水分重要的水分来源。     

Vertical distribution characteristics of dust aerosol mass concentration in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland

The different height mass concentrations of dust aerosol data from the atmosphere environment observation station （Ta- zhong Station） was continuously observed by instruments of Grimm 1.108, Thermo RP 1400a and TSP from January of 2009 to February of 2010 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland. Results show that： （1） The mass concentration value of 80 m PMl0 was higher, but PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations at 80 m was obviously lower than 4 m PMl0, and the value of 80 m PM1.0 mass concentration was the lowest. （2） The PM mass concentrations gradually decreased from night to sunrise, with the lowest concentration at 08：00, with the mass concentration gradually increased, up to the highest concentration around 18：00, and then decreased again. It was exactly the same with the changes of wind speed. （3） The high monthly average mass concentration of TSP mainly appeared from March to September, and the highest concentration was in April and May, subsequently gradually decreased. Also, March-September was a period with high value area of PM monthly average mass concentration, with the highest monthly average mass concentration of 846.0 p.g/m3 for 4 m PM~0 appeared in May. The concentration of PM10 was much higher than those of PM2.5 and PM1.0 at 80 m. There is a small difference between the concentration of PM2.5 and PM~ 0. Dust weather was the main factor which influenced the concentration content of the different diameter dust aerosol, and the more dust weather days, the higher content of coarse particle, conversely, fine particle was more. （4） The mass concentration of different diameter aerosols had the following sequence during dust weather： clear day 〈 blowing dust 〈 floating and blowing dust 〈 sandstorm. In different dust weather, the value of PM~o/TSP in fine weather was higher than that in floating weather, and much higher than those in blowing dust and sandstorm weather. （5） During the dust weather process, dust aerosol concentration gradually decreased with particle size decreasing. The dust aerosol mass concentration at different heights and diameter would have a peak value area every 3-4 days according to the strengthening process of dust weather.     

Resolving the Routine Presence of Kyanite,Andalusite and Sillimanite across a Region using Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes Preserved in Porphyroblasts,Petrographic Observations and Thermobarometry

Constraints from P-T pseudosections (MnNCKFMASH system), foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved in porphyroblasts (FIAs), mineral assemblages and textural relationships for rocks containing all three Al2SiO5 polymorphs indicate a kyanite→ andalusite→ sillimanite sequential formation at different times rather than stable coexistence at the Al2SiO5 triple point. All three Al2SiO5 polymorphs grew in the Chl, Bt, Ms, Grt, St, Pl and Crd bearing Ordovician Clayhole Schist in Balcooma, northeastern Australia separately along a looped P-T-t-D path that swaps from clockwise to anticlockwise in the tectono-metamorphic history of the region. Kyanite grew during crustal thickening in an Early Silurian Orogenic event followed by decompression/heating, andalusite and fibrolitic sillimanite growth during Early Devonian exhumation.     

2013—2016年新疆地闪活动特征分析

基于新疆2013—2016年地闪定位监测资料,对新疆的地闪活动特征进行分析。结果表明：新疆地闪以负地闪为主,占地闪总数的84.7%。年均正地闪所占比例为15.3%,高于内蒙古高原的9.6%。地闪密度总体值小于0.714次/km2?a,呈现出北疆大于南疆,西部地区大于东部地区,山区大于沙漠戈壁的形式;地闪月和日分布均成单峰型,月分布高发期在6—8月,日变化主要集中在14—20时;地闪强度百分率呈现单峰型分布,且负地闪的分布曲线与总地闪基本一致。正地闪出现频率在强度达到30—40kA时出现峰值,为正地闪次数的16.5%;地闪雷电流强度全年变化幅度较小,均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势。正地闪的平均雷电流强度达59.7kA,为负地闪的1.8倍;上午的平均雷电流强度皆大于下午。     

基于模式参数化方案的塔中地区临界起沙阈值分析

利用2009年7月4日~29日塔中野外试验观测数据,基于MARTICORENA和SHAO提出的2种起沙模式参数化方案,初步探讨塔中地区不同沙尘天气临界起沙风速,所得结论如下：（1）非沙尘天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 10 000;扬沙天气,10 001 ≤沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 20 000;沙尘暴天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≥ 20 001。（2）基于MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为4.88 m·s^-1,基于SHAO起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为6.24 m·s^-1,临界起沙风速在非沙尘天气最大,在沙尘暴天气最小。（3）在观测期间沙尘水平通量为732.9 kg·m^-1,其中非沙尘天气125.2 kg·m^-1,扬沙天气80.9 kg·m^-1,沙尘暴天气526.8 kg·m^-1,SHAO起沙参数化方案适合估算总沙尘水平通量以及非沙尘和扬沙天气的沙尘水平通量,MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案适合估算沙尘暴天气沙尘水平通量。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季积雪下垫面地表反照率及土壤温湿度变化特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站西站10 m梯度探测系统气象和辐射观测数据,分析了塔中积雪下垫面地表反照率、土壤温度、土壤湿度的变化特征及其相互关系。结果表明：塔中积雪覆盖期间地表反照率0.18~0.97,日均值为0.60;有积雪覆盖的地表反照率日变化更偏向反"J"型,呈现出上午大于傍晚的形态,平均早晚较差为0.13;积雪使0~40 cm深度土壤温度下降,积雪消融后土壤湿度增大使各层土壤温度趋于接近,并使0、10、20 cm深度的土壤温度日变幅呈减小趋势,减小幅度分别为41%、39%、39%;积雪地表反照率与地表温度表现出负相关关系,反照率越高地表温度越低,二者相关系数为-0.71;积雪地表反照率与5 cm深度土壤湿度负相关,高地表反照率对应低土壤湿度,低地表反照率对应高土壤湿度,二者相关系数为-0.74。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠夏季晴空对流边界层大涡模拟

为了探索塔克拉玛干沙漠夏季晴空对流边界层湍流结构和热对流运动规律,利用沙漠腹地探空及地表通量观测资料,开展了晴空对流边界层的大涡模拟研究。结果表明：（1）沙漠夏季晴空条件下,对流边界层湍能主要由地表热力浮力对流产生,机械剪切对边界层湍能的贡献较小,小尺度湍涡对湍能的耗散随高度呈减弱趋势,边界层湍能变化呈现间歇性特点。（2）沙漠夏季晴空边界层中存在着有组织的热对流泡现象,热泡最大上升速度可超过4.0 m·s^-1;沙漠热对流运动一般呈羽状和网状分布特征,在上升运动区周围伴随有大片的下沉辐散区域。（3）地表感热和逆温层顶盖强度是控制和影响沙漠对流边界层发展的两个重要因素,感热增大,对流边界层变暖且高度升高;感热减小,对流边界层变冷且高度降低。在感热不变的条件下,逆温层顶盖强度越强,越不利于对流边界层发展,反之则相反。