星基多光谱分析的降水估算

<正>对从已广泛应用的全球气候模型到局地降水和洪灾的预报而言,准确估算降水的数量、时间和空间分布是至关重要的。降水作为地球水循环的一个关键组成部分,对于人类的生命财产安全有着重要的影响。从区域到全球尺度,现存的地基降水观测网络是不足的;因此,卫星提供了一种可行和吸引人的选择。很显然,     

沙漠地区近地层能量交换特征研究初步评述

总结了沙漠地区近地层能量交换特征研究的主要进展概况和热点问题.介绍了沙漠地区特有的结构复杂、水汽含量低、沙尘含量高等特征,并分析了其形成原因.对于沙漠近低层的辐射和能量收支特性、湍流通量特征等进行了总结.指出国内外在未来沙漠地区近地层湍流研究方面面临的一些主要科学问题,以及对未来沙漠地区近地层湍流能量特征研究的发展方向提出若干建议.     

Infiltration-recharge through wadi beds in arid regions

Abstract

Groundwater recharge in arid regions is intermittent and usually occurs as a result of flood flow transmission losses in dry wadi channels. Hydrograph characteristics play a dominant role in determining the amount of channel abstraction in relation to the width of the wetted perimeter and the time of inundation, and the subsequent groundwater recharge. Large variations in the magnitude of channel losses result mainly from the diversity in inflow volumes. The magnitude of groundwater recharge in relation to bed transmission losses is dependent on flood volume and duration, soil moisture content and physical soil profile characteristics. Runoff volume and duration are the dominant factors influencing the cumulative infiltrated volume and recharge to shallow water tables. Taking into consideration the influence of various hydrological and channel characteristics, several regression equations are suggested to estimate the transmission losses from a wadi bed and the groundwater recharge.     

Diurnal variations of saltation activity at Tazhong: the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

The Taklimakan Desert of China is a region of frequent sandstorms and, thus, is a major sand and dust source area. Tazhong, a small mining village, is located near the center of the Taklimakan Desert at a distance of 220 km from the desert margins. Near Tazhong, we conducted a 2-year field investigation designed to monitor the diurnal variation of saltation activity using fast-responding piezoelectric saltation sensors (Sensits). Results suggest that saltation activity tends to occur more frequently during daytime in all seasons, relatively high levels of saltation activity are maintained from around 11:30 to around 16:30 local standard time (LST), because of stronger wind speed, higher soil temperature and lower relative humidity. During the spring and summer seasons, the saltation activity can occur at any time of the day, while there are some periods with zero saltation seconds at night and in the early morning during autumn and winter seasons. The results confirm that sandstorms tend to occur more frequently during daylight hours, so it may be helpful to forecast and guard against the occurrence of blowing sand or sandstorms in the Taklimakan Desert.     

Analysis of atmospheric boundary ozone profiles in winter in hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

In order to reveal the variation characteristics of ozone (O₃) concentration in the atmosphere boundary layer over a desert in winter, an observation experiment was carried out in the Tazhong area by means of a tethered balloon during January 18–25, 2008. The vertical distribution of O₃ concentration and its correlation with temperature and humidity were analyzed based on experimental observation data and related data. Results show that: (1) The concentration of O₃ mainly ranges from 10 to 50 μg/L, with a maximum of 56.1 μg/L, minimum of 2.6 μg/L, and a daily average concentration of 34.4 μg/L. (2) O₃ profiles can be divided into three types: peak, uniform, and growth, where uniform accounts for the majority. (3) Temperature and moisture are influential on O₃ concentrations in atmospheric boundary layer. Temperature inversion and water vapor increase in an atmospheric boundary layer leads to a decrease of O₃. (4) O₃ concentration has an obvious daily change in Tazhong. It is lower at night, begins to increase after sunrise, and reaches a maximum at noon. The maximum appears at 17:00 BJT (Beijing Time), and the minimum appears at 08:00 BJT.     

塔中春季阴天近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线特征分析

利用塔中最新安装的80 m梯度观测塔探测系统采集的资料,详细分析了2006年4月2日1次阴天天气时塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线演变特征,并与典型晴天廓线做了对比,得到以下结果:(1)阴天,夜间风速廓线风速值随高度增高而增大,但不是以对数增长,而是以比对数关系更快的速度增长;白天,风速很小,近地层10 m上下廓线分布规律各异;(2)温度廓线有夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型及傍晚过渡型4种类型,与晴天类似;(3)比湿廓线存在一个极小值,其出现高度以上比湿随高度增加而增加,廓线呈逆湿特征,极小值出现高度以下比湿随高度减小而增加。     

The Chinese Carbon-Neutral Goal: Challenges and Prospects

On 22 September 2020, within the backdrop of the COVID-19 global pandemic, China announced its climate goal for peak carbon emissions before 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality before 2060. This carbon-neutral goal is generally considered to cover all anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The planning effort is now in full swing in China, but the pathway to decarbonization is unclear. The needed transition towards non-fossil fuel energy and its impact on China and the world may be more profound than its reform and development over the past 40 years, but the challenges are enormous. Analysis of four representative scenarios shows significant differences in achieving the carbon-neutral goal, particularly the contribution of non-fossil fuel energy sources. The high target values for nuclear, wind, and bioenergy have approached their corresponding resource limitations, with solar energy being the exception, suggesting solar’s critical role. We also found that the near-term policies that allow for a gradual transition, followed by more drastic changes after 2030, can eventually reach the carbon-neutral goal and lead to less of a reduction in cumulative emissions, thus inconsistent with the IPCC 1.5°C scenario. The challenges and prospects are discussed in the historical context of China’s socio-economic reform, globalization, international collaboration, and development.     

库车河流域水资源利用研究

库车河流域是库车县工矿企业的集中地，是阿克苏地区和库车县今后一个时期开发、治理的重点地区。随着库车河流域开发程度的迅速增大，进一步提高该流域水资源及其循环转化关系的研究程度，及时发现水资源开发利用过程中存在的问题迫在眉睫。文章在广泛收集有关水文、水利现状资料和实际调查数据的基础上，论述了库车河流域的水资源特征，并在分析水资源开发利用中存在问题的基础上，对水资源供需平衡进行了评价。     

The tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the Balcooma Metamorphic Group,north‐eastern Australia: a multidisciplinary approach

The sequential growth of biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, andalusite, cordierite and fibrolitic sillimanite, their microstructural relationships, foliation intersection axes preserved in porphyroblasts (FIAs), geochronology, P–T pseudosection (MnNCKFMASH system) modelling and geothermobarometry provide evidence for a P–T–t–D path that changes from clockwise to anticlockwise with time for the Balcooma Metamorphic Group. Growth of garnet at ～530 °C and 4.6 kbar during the N–S‐shortening event that formed FIA 1 was followed by staurolite, plagioclase and kyanite growth. The inclusions of garnet in staurolite porphyroblasts that formed during the development of FIAs 2 and 3 plus kyanite growth during FIA 3 reflect continuous crustal thickening from c. 443 to 425 Ma during an Early Silurian Benambran Orogenic event. The temperature and pressure increased during this time from ～530 °C and 4.6 kbar to ～630 °C and 6.2 kbar. The overprinting of garnet‐, staurolite‐ and kyanite‐bearing mineral assemblages by low‐pressure andalusite and cordierite assemblages implies ～4‐kbar decompression during Early Devonian exhumation of the Greenvale Province.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠湍流尺度

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区近地层32 m高度涡动相关系统2009年1、4、7、10月的湍流观测数据,对流动沙漠地区不同稳定度下的湍流特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)流动沙漠区在不同季节、不同稳定度条件下的近地层湍流欧拉时间自相关系数R_u(t)、R_v(t)、R_w(t)衰减存在明显的时间差异。春季R_w(t)的衰减最快,夏季3个方向的欧拉时间自相关系数衰减时间相近;(2)欧拉时间自相关系数主要表现出强衰减、逐渐衰减和缓慢衰减3种类型,沙尘天气的欧拉时间自相关系数衰减总体上要强于晴天;(3)湍流的时间积分尺度L_t(z)最小,L_t(x)和L_t(y)大小相近,在沙尘暴发生时,水平风速占主导,而垂直气流很难发展;(4)湍流的空间尺度在不同季节和不同稳定度条件下明显不同:L(x)平均值6.02 m,L(y)平均值6.90 m,L(z)平均值0.73 m;湍流水平空间尺度大多数情况下呈扁平的椭球体,且水平方向呈明显的椭圆形状。