A comparative study of the Rare Earth Element (REE) distributions within the Lower Cretaceous dolomites and limestones of Central Tunisia

REE distribution, strontium content and oxygen isotopic composition have been studied in the Lower Cretaceous dolomites and their interbedded and/or parental limestones of Central Tunisia. Dolomites, as indicated by previous sedimentologic, geochemical and isotopic study, are different in origin. Environments of dolomite formation include: evaporitic sabkha, deep phreatic, karst and lacustrine. With the exception of the sabkha environment, dolomitizing fluids presumably have been essentially meteoric. The comparison between REE distributions in dolomites and limestones clearly suggests that the general shapes of the REE patterns are preserved during dolomitization. Nevertheless, the total REE amounts are somewhat lowered in dolomites comparatively to parental limestones. Moreover, within the dolomites, the total REE contents are positively correlated to the Sr and δ¹⁸O contents; thus indicating that the decrease in REE, Sr, and δ¹⁸O contents is related to a decrease in the salinity of dolomitizing fluids. In addition, dolomites associated with emergence surfaces (karst) are the most impoverished in REE. Furthermore, they are relatively enriched in light REE, indicating a more or less important fractionation with the REE distributions. This enrichment has been related to the influence of the inorganic complexes which favours the greatest solubility of the heavy REE in basic solution with respect to the lightest members of the REE group.     

AN ANALYTICAL RAYPATH APPROACH TO THE REFRACTION WAVEFRONT METHOD1

Seismic refraction surveying is still an important tool for determining the geometries and elastic wave propagation velocities of near-surface layers. Many analytical and graphical methods have been developed over the years for refraction interpretation, and these can be classified into two basic groups. The first group visualizes critically refracted rays converging on a common surface position, while the second group, which includes the wavefront methods, makes use of the critical rays emerging from a common point on the refractor. The method described in this paper is an analytical approach to the wavefront methods. The reverse refracted ray received by a geophone is intersected by the forward refracted rays received by subsequent geophones and a common critical refraction point on the refractor is estimated after a series of comparisons. This process is repeated for each geophone to yield the geometry and the velocity of the refractor. Several interpolations are performed to achieve a better accuracy. Palmer's models are used to test the efficiency of the algorithm. The results are presented together with those of other methods applied to the same models.     

RESOLUTION OF STRONGLY OVERLAPPING TWO-WAY MULTICOMPONENT DATA BY MEANS OF HEURISTIC EVOLVING LATENT PROJECTIONS

High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection(HPLC-DAD)is used tocharacterize mixtures from chlorophyll α degradation experiments.Overlapping chromatographic peaksare resolved by means of the heuristic evolving latent projections(HELP)method.The HELP methodis a self-modelling curve resolution method.No assumptions are made about spectral and/orchromatographic peak shape.In the first step the method establishes the real noise level in the data byuse of the so-called zero-component regions.This information is used to reveal selective chromatographicinformation and the number of chemical species at every retention time in unresolved chromatographicpeaks.Utilising the selective chromatographic regions in combination with the zero-concentrationwindows,unique resolution into concentration profiles and spectra of the pure chemical species isaccomplished.HPLC-DAD data from six chlorophyll a degradation experiments were analysed.Consistent results were obtained even with very similar spectra for six or seven overlapping chemicalcomponents.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地散射辐射特征

本文利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站2010年总辐射、散射辐射、直接辐射观测资料分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的散射辐射变化特征和散射辐射与晴空指数、大气质量的关系。结果表明:散射辐射年曝辐量为3 628.5 MJ·m-2,占年总辐射曝辐量的59.5%,高于全国平均值;散射辐射夏季大（468.3 MJ·m-2）、冬季小（120 MJ·m-2）,日最高值基本出现在正午,夏季最高辐照度达719.2 W·m-2。与晴空指数大于0.7时相比,晴空指数小于0.7时,秋、冬季散射辐射增加。晴空指数>0.3时,散射辐射与总辐射的比值随晴空指数的增加而呈线性递减;晴空指数<0.3时,散射辐射与天文辐射的比值随晴空指数的增加基本呈直线增加。散射辐射随太阳高度角的增大呈指数递增。散射辐射的变化主要集中在大气质量小于5的范围内且随大气质量的增加而迅速降低。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘辐射分量特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘肖塘自动站2011年直接探测的辐射资料,对该地区辐射状况进行了初步分析。结果表明:短波辐射各个分量的月总量最大值均出现在7月,总辐射瞬时最大值为1 329.6 W·m-2,出现在6月。晴天天气下,辐射分量均为夏季最大,冬季最小,除大气长波辐射外,其他分量均呈现出标准的倒“U”型。大气长波辐射浮尘、扬沙天气时的日总量,均与晴天时一致;而地面长波辐射日总量则是晴天时最大,浮尘天气次之,阴天最小。肖塘地区地表反照率冬季较大,夏季较小,年均值为0.27,比塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地（0.3）低10%,但远高于绿洲和高原。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠肖塘地区空气动力学粗糙度分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北部肖塘地区梯度自动站2007年1月1日至2007年5月31日的观测数据,计算出该区域中性条件下粗糙度范围是1.00×10-11~1.65×10-3 m,平均粗糙度为6.05×10-5 m,接近沙粒粒径的1/30,与平坦沙面粗糙度相似。摩擦速度的范围是0.14~2.33 m·s-1,平均值1.24 m·s-1。粗糙度随下垫面性质变化明显,与稳定度呈正相关,与风速呈负相关,摩擦速度随粗糙度增大而减小。     

塔里木盆地TSP时空分布特征及影响因素分析

利用2004—2008年沙尘暴观测站网哈密、塔中与和田的TSP观测资料,同时结合铁干里克、民丰和喀什2007年4月开始的TSP、沙尘天气等相关资料,给出了塔里木盆地TSP时空分布特征及变化特征,同时分析了影响TSP质量浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明：①塔里木盆地东部TSP质量浓度最低,南缘最高,往盆地的西缘逐渐降低,塔中一直处于较高值。影响TSP质量浓度高低分布的主要因素是沙尘天气,沙尘天气日数越多,则浓度越高。②2004—2008年TSP年平均质量浓度哈密最低,其次为塔中,最高为和田。③2004—2007年哈密、塔中与和田TSP平均质量浓度春季最高,其次是夏季和秋季,冬季最低。④哈密、塔中与和田2005—2008年TSP质量浓度每年不同时间段各不相同。     

东疆黑戈壁陆面过程参数及陆面模式离线模拟

新疆东部黑戈壁气候恶劣、人迹罕至,是具有黑色砾石下垫面的生态脆弱区。利用东疆哈密戈壁陆气相互作用站2018年全年观测资料,给出该戈壁地表动力学与热力学粗糙度、比辐射率和地表反照率等陆面过程特征参数,并将这些参数代入Noah模式对该戈壁热通量、地表温度及土壤温湿度进行模拟。结果表明：（1）东疆黑戈壁下垫面动力学粗糙度为1.13×10-3 m,热力学粗糙度为0.32×10-3 m,比辐射率为0.905。（2）地表反照率日变化呈早晚高,中午低的“U”型曲线。12月因地面积雪,反照率最高,年内极大值出现在12月8日,为0.79,年均反照率为0.29。地表反照率关于太阳高度角的参数化方案为：α=0.78-0.47×(1-e^((-h)/1.12)),地表反照率关于5 cm土壤湿度的参数化方案为α=0.28-0.136w_s。（3）将改进后的陆面过程参数带入Noah模式,大大提高了模式在戈壁区域的模拟能力。     

乌鲁木齐市城区和郊区近地层比湿分布和廓线特征

利用乌鲁木齐市城区和郊区的5座100 m气象铁塔10层比湿数据和乌鲁木齐气象站L波段探空雷达资料,详细分析了边界层2 km内比湿廓线特征,城区和郊区近地层比湿季节变化和日变化特征,揭示了乌鲁木齐逆湿的原因,得出以下结果：（1） 乌鲁木齐市比湿季节差异明显,冬季最小,春季、秋季稍大,夏季最大,夏季比湿约为冬季的4~5倍,但秋季仅比春季大1 g·kg^–1。除冬季外,比湿均随高度增加而趋于减小,夏季减小最显著,冬季比湿的垂直变化很小。比湿廓线极小值白天和夜间出现高度相近,且有多个极小值。夏季和冬季比湿日变化最大,且位相相反;夏季夜间大、白天小,冬季与之相反。冬季,郊区比湿小于城区;其余季节城、郊比湿差异不明显。（2） 2 km内存在逆湿现象,逆湿出现概率高于35%,概率1月最大、7月最小。1月逆湿最大高度超过1 500 m,7月逆湿最大高度可达到1 900 m,且最大厚度可达到1 550 m。逆湿强度最大在7月和10月可达2. 5 g·kg^–1·（100 m）^–1,而1月最小。（3） 1月逆湿往往与逆温相伴随,逆温层改变了水汽的垂直分布结构,从脱地逆温层顶起出现逆湿现象,逆湿还与水汽输送有关。本研究可以有效地揭示空气湿度的季节特征,为研究城市大气污染形成的气象因素提供了一个思路。     

Infiltration-recharge through wadi beds in arid regions

Abstract

Groundwater recharge in arid regions is intermittent and usually occurs as a result of flood flow transmission losses in dry wadi channels. Hydrograph characteristics play a dominant role in determining the amount of channel abstraction in relation to the width of the wetted perimeter and the time of inundation, and the subsequent groundwater recharge. Large variations in the magnitude of channel losses result mainly from the diversity in inflow volumes. The magnitude of groundwater recharge in relation to bed transmission losses is dependent on flood volume and duration, soil moisture content and physical soil profile characteristics. Runoff volume and duration are the dominant factors influencing the cumulative infiltrated volume and recharge to shallow water tables. Taking into consideration the influence of various hydrological and channel characteristics, several regression equations are suggested to estimate the transmission losses from a wadi bed and the groundwater recharge.