实时格网对流层模型在中国区域的适用性分析

利用无线电探空数据，对格网对流层模型GPT2w、IGGtrop及GTPs在中国区域的适用性进行分析。结果显示，GPT2w和IGGtrop在地表附近精度相当，RMS为4.0~4.2 cm，西部地区精度优于东部，东南沿海精度最差，夏季精度明显低于冬季，在中西部地区分辨率低的模型可能会产生异常偏差；GPT2w模型明显存在系统性偏差，中西部为正，东南部为负；3 km高度以上，IGGtrop模型精度明显优于GPT2w模型，且随高度增加精度保持稳定。在飞行器定位导航中，建议采用IGGtrop模型修正ZTD误差。GTPs模型时间分辨率高，精度明显优于传统的经验模型，尤其在东南沿海ZTD变化剧烈的区域，但由于其依赖于外部数据源，部分区域无法使用。     

Effects of chemical dispersants and mineral fines on crude oil dispersion in a wave tank under breaking waves

The interaction of chemical dispersants and suspended sediments with crude oil influences the fate and transport of oil spills in coastal waters. A wave tank study was conducted to investigate the effects of chemical dispersants and mineral fines on the dispersion of oil and the formation of oil-mineral-aggregates (OMAs) in natural seawater. Results of ultraviolet spectrofluorometry and gas chromatography flame ionized detection analysis indicated that dispersants and mineral fines, alone and in combination, enhanced the dispersion of oil into the water column. Measurements taken with a laser in situ scattering and transmissometer (LISST-100X) showed that the presence of mineral fines increased the total concentration of the suspended particles from 4 to 10microl l(-1), whereas the presence of dispersants decreased the particle size (mass mean diameter) of OMAs from 50 to 10microm. Observation with an epifluorescence microscope indicated that the presence of dispersants, mineral fines, or both in combination significantly increased the number of particles dispersed into the water.     

河北省晋2井水位资料预报效能

利用深井动水位观测资料预报地震,已经被国内外地震学家进行深入研究,并得到了许多珍贵的震例资料.分析了1990年以来晋2井动水位原始观资料,结果显示,在该井附近中强地震前会出现多次阶变(组)异常.通过贝叶斯估算检验得到理论验证,总结出的预报指标在其后的2次地震中得到实际应用.     

不同医疗资源空间配置及影响因素的地理探测——以贵阳主城区为例

医疗资源空间配置关系居民的健康福祉,以往研究更多关注医院,忽略了药店、诊所等社会卫生资源的系统配置。本文以贵阳市主城区为例,实地调查各级医疗机构、民间医疗、药店等不同医药类型体系,运用核密度、地理探测器等空间分析工具,探究引起城市医疗资源空间配置差异性的因素。结果表明,贵阳市主城区医药卫生服务空间布局呈内密外疏的特点,形成整体上“一心一带多点”的空间结构。其中,“一心一带”呈现了公立医疗资源,尤其是不同等级（三级、二级）的公立医院在空间分布上的等级性;“多点”则体现在社区医院、诊所及药店在空间上的均衡性。医疗资源空间配置整体受居住用地、道路密度、人口密度等因素影响明显,但不同类型医疗资源的影响因素存在差异。     

吕宋海峡海洋环流的基本特征

根据对高分辨率的并行海洋气候模式输出的较长时间序列的海面高度（ＳＳＨ）场的分析,推断在吕宋海峡附近海区常年存在吕宋海峡黑潮流套,该流套出现于吕宋海峡的中部和北部,表现为一个舌状的ＳＳＨ的高值中心自海峡东部的太平洋向西扩展到南海北部,大致到达１１０°Ｅ的位置,但其位置、形状、强度等表现季节变化,年际变化和季节内时间尺度变化的特征。在吕宋海峡东侧的大洋上,经常出现位置和范围时有变化的反气旋涡,与之对应,在ＳＳＨ的月平均经向和纬向剖面上,吕宋海峡东侧的大洋上有永久存在的ＳＳＨ高值中心。另外在１９９５年１～７月期间有一次完整的黑潮流环脱离黑潮主体并在南海北部向西南方向移动的过程。     

An experimental investigation of nitrogen gas produced during denitrification

In situ denitrification relies on indigenous microorganisms to reduce nitrate to N(2) gas. However, when initial nitrate concentrations are large, produced gas volumes also can be very large, potentially resulting in reduced water saturation and hydraulic conductivity in the treatment zone. In this study, we investigated the fate of N(2) and other gases produced during denitrification in a laboratory flow cell containing packed sediment. Denitrifying activity was stimulated by additions of nitrate and ethanol. Microbial activity was monitored by measuring nitrate, nitrite, and ethanol concentrations; gas saturations were measured during the experiment using a gamma imaging system. Biomass was measured using phospholipid fatty acid analysis of sediment samples. Bioenergetic calculations calibrated to measured nitrate consumed and biomass produced predicted that 1.2 L N(2) gas/L water should have been produced following the addition of 100 mM nitrate. However, the maximum measured gas saturation was only 23%, indicating substantial gas loss from the sediment pack. Temporal gamma images and visual observations confirm that small gas bubbles formed in the sediment pack coalesced into larger bubbles and migrated upward through gas-filled channels to the sediment pack surface. Although gas saturations increased, there was no significant change in sediment pack hydraulic conductivity. These results suggest that in permeable reactive barriers used for in situ denitrification, gas production will not necessarily lead to unlimited gas accumulation in the pore space and that the effects of gas production on water saturation and hydraulic conductivity may be relatively minor.     

2009年度海洋与极地科学领域基金项目受理与评审

1 2009年度项目受理和同行通讯评议情况 1.1项目受理情况 地球科学四处近年来申请项目数在逐年增加.2009年共受理申请项目881项,其中包括面上项目503项、青年基金366项和地区基金12项,申请项数比2008年增加24.4%.面上项目比2008年增加63项,增长14.3%;青年基金增加107项,增长41.3%;地区基金与2008年度相比增加3项.     

1998年夏季亚洲地区低频大气环流的特征及其与长江中下游降水的关系

利用日本GAME资料、TRMM卫星资料及中国730站降水资料研究了1998年夏季亚洲地区对流层至平流层低频振荡(LFO)的传播特征及该年长江中下游夏季降水变化的LFO型,结果表明:1998年5-8月,在青藏高原经纬度上,对流层LFO的东西向传播特征与季节变化有关.在东西方向上,高原和东亚大陆雨季开始前,LFO以向东传播为主;在雨季开始后,LFO以向西传播为主.南北方向上,LFO的传播在雨季前后基本一致,高原南北两侧均向高原传播.在南北方向上,青藏高原是LFO的汇;而在东西方向上,高原西部只在雨季开始后是LFO加强区,使西传进入高原的LFO继续西传.整个大气层以对流层顶(100 hPa)LFO最强,进入平流层LFO迅速减弱.1998年夏季长江中下游降水存在两次明显的LFO循环,我们根据两次降水LFO各位相合成分析了降水、500和100 hPa LFO环流以及沿30°N LFO垂直环流.结果表明:来自西伯利亚向南传播和来自孟加拉湾及南海向北传播的LFO气旋(降水谷值期)和反气旋(降水峰值期)形成了高原东部上空LFO气旋(降水谷值期)和反气旋(降水峰值期)以及来自中纬度西太平洋南下西移经日本、黄海到达中国大陆东部海洋上空的LFO反气旋(降水谷值期)和气旋(降水峰值期)的共同作用造成了长江中下游地区强烈的下沉(降水谷值期)和上升(降水峰值期),形成长江中下游降水LFO谷值期和峰值期.     

一个海洋环流模式模拟的北印度洋经向环流及其热输送

对比两个同化资料GODAS（Global Ocean Data Assimilation System）和SODA（Simple Ocean Data Assimilation）,考察中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的气候系统海洋模式LICOM（LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model）模拟的北印度洋经向环流及热输送的气候态。LICOM能抓住北印度洋大尺度环流的季节变化特征,模拟的年平均越赤道热输送为-0.24 PW （1 PW=1015W）,较之以往的数值模式结果更接近观测和同化资料。与同化资料的差异主要体现在季节变化强度,北半球夏季在赤道以南偏弱0.5 PW,这与模式夏季的纬向风应力偏弱,热输送中的大项Ekman热输送模拟偏弱,从而模拟的经圈翻转环流较浅有关。