老挝南部波罗芬高原铝土矿地质特征及成矿模式

波罗芬高原又名"富琅山区",位于老挝南部占巴塞、阿速坡、沙拉湾三省境内,西北一东南长100 km,东北-西南宽60 km,呈椭圆形耸立于海拔200～300 m的缓丘之上.高原顶部起伏和缓,地表产出大面积第四纪玄武岩,经风化作用后地表形成大面积的红土风化壳,部分地段铝铁富集形成红土型铝土矿.     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRACK OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AFTER LANDFALL IN EASTERN CHINA

The correlation and composite analysis are carried out in this paper to study major factors affecting the track of tropical cyclones (TCs) after their landfall in the east of China. The mid-tropospheric environmental steering flow is found to dominate the movement of a TC even after landfall, with the inertia and Coriolis force two other subordinates. A key region is discovered covering the east of China and Yellow Sea, in which the environmental flow significantly affects the movement of TCs making landfall in this part of China. When the subtropical high in this region strengthens and extends westward, accompanied by northward shrink of the westerly trough, the TC tends to move westward after landfall and disappear inland. However, when the subtropical high in this region weakens and shrinks eastward, accompanied by southward push of the westerly trough, the TC tends to recurve after landfall and re-enter the sea at a location to the north of the site of landfall. The environment before the landfall of a TC has little impact on its post-landfall track, which is sensitive to the environmental change 12 – 24 hours after landfall. A 6-hour lag is found between the environmental change and the movement of a TC after landfall.     

Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts from Five Global EnsemblePrediction Systems During 2015-2019

This study presented an evaluation of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts from five global ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) during 2015-2019 in the western North Pacific region. Notable error features include the underestimation of the TC intensity by ensemble mean forecast and the under-dispersion of the probability forecasts.The root mean square errors (brier scores) of the ensemble mean (probability forecasts) generally decrease consecutively at long lead times during the five years, but fluctuate between certain values at short lead times.Positive forecast skill appeared in the most recent two years (2018-2019) at 120 h or later as compared with the climatology forecasts. However, there is no obvious improvement for the intensity change forecasts during the 5-yearperiod, with abrupt intensity change remaining a big challenge. The probability forecasts show no skill for strongTCs at all the lead times. Among the five EPSs, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best for the intensity forecast, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best for the intensity change forecast, according to the evaluation for ensemble mean and dispersion. As for the other probability forecast evaluation, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best at lead times shorter than 72 h, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best later on.     

SATELLITE-BASED ANALYSIS ON THE CONCENTRIC EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLES OF SUPER TYPHOON MUIFA (1109)

Multisatellite data is used to analyze the characteristics of three eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) during the lifetime of Typhoon Muifa (1109). Spiral rainbands evolutions, concentric eyewall (CE) structure modes, CE durations, and intensity changes are discussed in detail. In addition, an ERC evolution model of Typhoon Muifa is given. There are four main findings. (1) The outer spiral rainband joins end to end to form the outer eyewall after it disconnects from the original (inner) eyewall. The inner eyewall weakens as the outer eyewall becomes axisymmetric and is intensified. The contraction of the outer eyewall causes the inner eyewall to dissipate rapidly. Finally, the ERC ends with an annular eyewall or spiral rainbands. (2) Although the CE duration times of Typhoon Muifa’s three ERCs covered a large range, the CE structures were all maintained for approximately 5 h from the formation of the axisymmetric outer eyewall to the end of the cycle. (3) There is no obvious precipitation reflectivity in the eye or moat region for the subsidence flow. The convection within the two eyewalls is organized as a radially outward slope with increasing height. (4) Typhoon intensity estimation results based on ADT may not explain the intensity variations associated with ERC correctly, while the typhoon’s warm core data retrieved from AMSU-A works well.     

2002年8月闽东一次暴雨天气过程的可能物理成因和数值试验

利用MM5模式对2002年8月10～11日发生在闽东的一次暴雨过程进行了数 值模拟和诊断分析．结果表明:暴雨中心位于低层正螺旋度中心附近。而且雨强的变 化与正螺旋度的变化近于一致．在MM5模式能较好地模拟本次过程的基础上,对地 形和风场做了对比试验．试验结果表明:地形对暴雨有较强的增幅作用;风速垂直廓 线的线性和非线性分布激发产生的中尺度重力惯性波和涡旋Rossby波,在切变基流 中有可能发生不稳定而导致暴雨天气过程的产生．     

台风路径多模式集成预报技术研究

利用NCEP、ECMWF、日本数值、英国数值、上海台风模式和广州模式包含全球模式和区域在内的6家数值模式资料,利用近似SEAV方法,设计台风路径多模式集成预报方法(SHME),并用2014—2016年的台风客观预报数据进行多模式集成预报的效果检验,且与ECMWF模式进行比较,通过比较发现,SHME方法较ECMWF在12～48 h预报上有明显改进,在72～120 h预报2014年尤其突出,2015—2016年均与ECMWF预报效果相当。     

斜压大气中环流非对称结构与台风移速关系的数值研究

采用４层准地转斜压模式,在无环境气流的情况下,进行了两次数值试验,研究了台风环流不同方位、不同半径处的非对称程度与其中心移速的关系,以及不同层次台风环流的非对称结构与台风移速的相关性。结果表明：（１）距台风环流中心１００～３００ｋｍ的东一西向和东北一西南向非对称程度与其东西向移速有稳定的强负相关,２００～５００ｋｍ的东南一西北向非对称程度与其南北向移速有稳定的强正相关。（２）模式最下层环流的非对称结构与台风移速的关系最密切。在该层,距中心１００～４００ｋｍ的东一西向和东北一西南向非对称程度与台风沿东西向移速密切相关,１００ｋｍ以外的东南一西北向非对称程度与台风沿南北向移速密切相关。     

基于ECMWF模式预报的台风降水地形订正方法

为了解决复杂地形条件下ECMWF模式预报的台风降水较实况显著小的问题,对Smith 1979年提出的地形降水方程进行改进,提出以饱和湿层高度作为方程积分上限,针对不同高度地形设定不同的降水效率;以无量纲湿弗劳德数大于1作为有、无地形降水的判据;利用ECWMF细网格预报场,通过迎风坡地形降水估算方程来订正模式预报的台风降水。用该地形降水订正方法对1617号台风“鲇鱼”的降水进行了订正预报。结果表明,虽然在一些小尺度地形区域会产生明显的空报,但是对于大尺度地形区域的强降水有显著的订正效果。对1513、1521和1614台风的订正结果进一步表明,该地形降水订正方法对改进台风极端降水预报效果显著。需要指出的是,采用的地形降水订正方法仅考虑了稳定条件下的地形降水,对于其他情形下的地形降水订正方法尚待进一步的研究。      

夏季副热带行星波动振幅变化与我国极端降水的关系

围绕夏季副热带行星波动的振幅异常,分析其与我国极端降水的关系,并探讨可能的影响机制。结果表明,北半球夏季行星波振幅强、弱年的差异主要表现在北太平洋副高和北大西洋副高的增强,并伴随着欧亚大陆的低压加深,即表现为海陆热力差异的增加和东亚夏季风环流的加强。在振幅强年,极端降水强度在我国北部明显加强,极端降水雨带异常偏北,而我国长江中下游流域极端降水则减弱,弱年则相反。伴随着增强的季风环流,在振幅强年水汽输送到达我国北部明显增强。同时,在大气低层我国绝大部分地区对流不稳定加剧;而在对流层中高层,我国北方地区斜压不稳定加剧,这都有利于振幅强年我国偏北部地区的极端降水偏强      

拖曳系数参数化方案对工程台风模拟风场的影响研究

基于台风边界层的最新观测和研究成果,提出了最大风速半径、边界层风速比、拖曳系数等关键参数的经验方案,并依据垂直平均水平运动方程,建立适用于西北太平洋的工程台风风场模型,最高分辨率为2 km。通过理想试验,验证了所建模型的合理性,并重点关注模拟风场对拖曳系数参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明,不同拖曳系数参数化方案（增长型、饱和型、下降型）对强台风内核区的风场模拟有显著影响,但对最大风速的模拟影响不大。为验证所建模型对实际西北太平洋台风的适用性,选取台风“海葵”（1211）进行个例试验,得到最大风速的平均误差为-0.36 m/s,均方根误差为2.22 m/s。进一步选取我国沿海6个受“海葵”影响的测站,进行模拟风向、风速与观测的对比分析,发现所建台风风场模型能很好地模拟出台风影响过程中的风向转变,但各测站的风速均方根误差在1.61~6.92 m/s之间。较大的风速误差主要出现在位于台风中心附近的测站,意味着我国沿海复杂地形对台风的衰减作用在模型中考虑不足,是未来的改进方向。