《巴黎协定》适应和损失损害内容的解读和对策

《巴黎协定》基本照顾了各缔约方的核心关切,坚持了《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）的原则,基本体现了发达国家和发展中国家的区分。在适应部分,《巴黎协定》设立了与全球温升目标相联系的全球适应目标,明确了对发展中国家的适应支持,并确定了具有一定法律约束力的全球适应信息通报和5年周期的全球盘点。在损失损害部分,《巴黎协定》锁定了《公约》下的华沙损失损害国际机制,并基本确定了一个各国通过可持续发展和国际合作共同解决损失损害问题的框架。但是,《巴黎协定》仍然没有解决很多技术性问题和缔约方之间关键性和实质性的分歧。中国作为发展中大国将继续在适应和损失损害问题中面临着出资压力,应通过增强国内适应行动、强化适应和损失损害相关研究和高效利用气候变化南南合作基金3个方面,为谈判争取主动并为推动全球适应气候变化减少损失损害做出贡献。     

黄河下游不同洪水情景决溢风险评价

本文提出黄河下游悬河决溢风险的影响因素应当包含水沙运动、区域地壳稳定性、河势演变和堤防稳定性4个方面,并据此建立了指标体系和基于GIS技术的多层次模糊综合评判模型,对不同洪水情景下黄河下游的决溢风险进行了评价。结果表明:(1)决溢风险随着洪水量的增大而增高;(2)决溢风险随河型的沿程变化而降低;(3)决溢风险较大的河段集中在游荡型河段,游荡型河段南岸风险高于北岸;(4)弯曲型河段北岸决溢风险高于南岸;这些结论能够应用于黄河下游河道的治理与防汛抗洪的实践。研究表明:本研究的评价指标体系和方法,能够用于解决黄河下游的决溢风险问题; GIS空间分析技术能够量化不同空间位置的决溢风险,客观地反映不同空间位置决溢风险的差别,对于指导防洪和河道治理的实践具有重要的现实意义。     

"中国地壳运动观测网络"区域网GPS联测数据的处理

介绍了"中国地壳运动观测网络"1999年区域网GPS联测数据的基本情况,并采用所给定的处理方案对此次联测数据进行了处理.计算结果表明:点位坐标重复性在南北方向为2.0 mm,东西方向为3.0 mm,高程方向为5.6 mm;基线重复性达到1.76 mm+1.78L×10-9 mm,基线分量重复性南北方向为1.40 mm+1.05L×10-9 mm,东西方向为2.14 mm+1.56L×10-9 mm,高程方向为4.69 mm+2.18L×10-9 mm.     

中国食管癌死亡率与水污染的空间相关分析（英文）

Esophageal cancer exhibits one of the highest incidence and mortality rates in China.Malignant tumors caused by esophageal cancer,and the relationship to environmental factors has been the focus of many public health studies.This study applied spatial analysis to ascertain the relationship between water pollution and esophageal cancer mortality rates nationwide.We employed two datasets,including a national investigation of esophageal cancer rates and distribution,and national water quality grades in China's primary rivers and lakes.Esophageal cancer data were grouped based on different water quality grades,which included a scaled buffer distance from rivers and lakes.Non-parametric correlation analyses were performed to examine the presence or absence of the following correlations:(i) esophageal cancer mortality and buffer distance from rivers and lakes;and(ii) esophageal cancer mortality and water quality grade values.The present study revealed a significant positive correlation between widespread water pollution and esophageal cancer mortality nationwide;and a significant negative correlation between esophageal cancer mortality,and buffer distance from rivers and lakes.     

黄河下游悬河决溢风险评价指标体系的构建

针对黄河下游存在决溢风险的现状,根据环境因素对悬河决溢的作用机制,通过对地质构造评价在决溢风险评价中的地位、洪水要素对悬河决溢的影响、不同决溢模式的形成机理进行了分析,从而建立了一套较为系统的黄河下游悬河决溢风险评价指标体系。文中提出了以下观点：1.将洪水要素纳入评价指标体系; 2. 决溢风险评价分为地质构造环境背景评价和决溢情景评价两部分; 3.决溢情景评价与决溢模式相结合; 4. 以不同决溢模式的形成机理为基础确定评价因子。     

新疆阿勒泰地区的生态环境问题及解决对策

新疆阿勒泰地区的生态环境从上世纪50年代至今经历了曲折的变化过程,但是总体来说该区生态环境一直在退化,只是在不同时期其退化的速度有所不同。虽然目前阿勒泰地区的生态环境恶化趋势有所减缓,但是曾经导致阿勒泰地区生态环境退化的问题并没有完全得到解决。纵观从1950年代至今的生态环境变化,阿勒泰地区的草场退化、森林资源剧减、耕地次生盐渍化、沼泽化、土地沙漠化、河流水量减少、虫鼠灾害及工矿对环境破坏等生态环境问题及其形成原因在我国的西部具有较强的代表性,因此本文试图通过回顾阿勒泰地区生态环境问题和恶化过程,分析其生态环境恶化的原因,并探寻在科学发展观指导下的可持续发展对策。     

基于数值模拟的黄河下游不同情景溃堤洪水特性

The lower Yellow River still faces the threat of flood due to the unusual precipitation caused by global environmental change, river channel sedimentation, hidden danger in the dike and unfavorable river regime of ＂hanging river＂. According to the characteristics of the dike-break flood of the Yellow River, this paper has simulated, in six different scenarios, the dike-break flood routing by inputting the terrain data, typical historical flood data and land use data of study area to two-dimensional unsteady flow model. The results show that： firstly, the routing process of flood will occupy other rivers on the way and return to the rivers after reaching the lower reaches; secondly, in the same river reach, flood inundating area of north band is bigger than that at corresponding location of south bank under the same historical flood; thirdly, it is different in the degree of flood inundation in different regions due to different geographical locations in flood plain; fourthly, the area of mainstream where flood is deep and flow velocity is quick is relatively smaller, but the area of non-mainstream, where flood is shallow and flow velocity is slow, is relatively big; and finally, the possible influenced area of the dike-break flood is 141,948 km^2.     

土壤甲烷吸收汇研究进展

人类活动导致大气中温室气体浓度增加,是全球气候变暖的主要原因之一。由于陆地生态系统中通气状况良好的土壤是甲烷最大的吸收汇,研究吸收汇强度及其影响因素对估算大气中甲烷储存增量、采取措施增强土壤吸收汇的强度是很有意义的。综述了全球透气土壤吸收甲烷总量及土地利用变化、农业措施对甲烷吸收汇的影响。