中国大气本底条件下不同地区地面臭氧特征

分析了晴天和阴天时瓦里关本底台、临安和龙凤山本底站地面 O3浓度的特点。晴天时 ,临安站地面 O3有明显日变化 ,以春季最大 (42 .9× 1 0 - 9) ,夏季最小 (2 0 .3× 1 0 - 9) ;龙凤山站日变化更规则 ,秋季最大 (约 2 7× 1 0 - 9) ;瓦里关本底台除了夏季有微弱日变化外 ,其它季节没有明显的日变化 ,日较差也很小 ,但夏季地面 O3浓度显著高於冬季 ;夏季晴天瓦里关地面O3浓度要比龙凤山、临安高 2 0× 1 0 - 9以上。阴天时 ,临安和龙凤山站除了日变化不很规则和日较差较小外 ,其它大致与晴天相同。阴天时瓦里关不仅没有日变化 ,而且日较差更小 ,但夏季地面 O3仍然高於冬季。太阳总辐射和 NOx 浓度是控制龙凤山和临安晴天和阴天地面O3浓度的决定性因子 ,它在不同季节和地区发挥着重要作用。夏季青藏高原周围地区气流向高原输送作用 ,是形成夏季瓦里关地面 O3高值以及微弱日变化的主要原因。在美国 MaunaLoa基准站也曾观测到类似的输送影响。O3在低对流层随垂直高度增加的分布特征 ,决定了东西部测点地面 O3的差异     

SURFACE OZONE CHARACTERISTICS AT THREE STATIONS IN GAW OF WMO IN CHINA

The characteristics of surface O_3 on clear days at Waliguan Observatory,Lin'an regionalstation and Longfengshan regional station in China were analyzed in this paper.The three stationsbelong to Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW)of WMO.There was obvious daily variation on cleardays at Lin'an.with maximum(42.9 ppb)and minimum(20.3 ppb)of daily range appearing inspring and summer.respectively.The daily variation was more regular at Lonfengshan than atLin'an.The maximum(about 27 ppb)appeared in autumn at Longfengshan.There was noobvious daily variation and also daily range was smaller in other seasons except weaker dailyvariation in summer at Waliguan.But the surface O_3 concentration(SOC)in summer was higherthan that in winter at Waliguan.The SOC on clear days of summer at Waliguan was over 20 ppbhigher than at Longfengshan and Lin'an.The global radiation and NO_x concentration were themain factors which control the SOC on clear days at Longfengshan and Lin'an.and playedimportant role in different seasons and areas.The transportation of air flow around the area ofQinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau was the main cause for high SOC and weak daily variation insummer at Waliguan.The similar effect of transportation was obtained at the Mauna LoaObservatory.The distribution characteristics of SOC increasing with height in the tropospheredetermined the difference of SOC between East China and West China.     

基于埋深变化的川南龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及控制因素分析

[研究目的]中国浅层-中深层页岩气勘探开发技术已经趋于成熟,深层页岩成为下一步勘探开发的重点,探明不同埋深条件下页岩的孔隙特征及其控制因素利于推动深层页岩的评优选区工作.[研究方法]本文基于核磁共振、场发射扫描电镜和X-射线衍射等实验分析手段,对比性评价了川南地区不同深度的龙马溪组页岩孔隙度、孔隙结构参数特征并进行影响...     

人造金刚石孕镶钻头磨损特征的研究

金刚石钻头定每转进尺钻进试验表明：在每转进尺合理范围内，钻头磨损率较低，在此范围外，则较高；并发现钻头多出现内喇叭型不均匀磨损唇面。本文从理论上解释了金刚石钻头出现这种磨损唇面的原因：即内侧金刚石切深、受力及每周碎岩体积较大；并据此探讨了包括镶钻头在内的金刚石镶嵌措施，以使唇面均匀磨损。     

氮氧化物(NOX)在对流层中的收支与循环的研究

对氮氧化物（NOx）在对流层中的收支与循环问题，及其在对流层中的各种源汇过程进行了综述与讨论。其中包括NOx的人为排放与自然排放，干、湿沉降的清除及其相对重要性等。并对我国NOx的人为排放与自然排放进行了估算。     

人造金刚石孕镶钻头唇面状态与钻井的关系

本文以金刚石在孕镶钻头中均匀分布为基础，从理论上推导出唇面径向不同位置的金刚石切深、受力。结果表明，在正常钻井情况下，金刚石切深约为其出刃的１／１０，且距钻头中心越近，金刚石工深、受力越大；并由此解释了实钻较微钻钻进能力更强以及随着钻压（Ｐ）、每转井尺（ｈ）的增大，碎岩效果，即单位钻压每转进尺（ｈ／ｐ）下降的现象。     

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF VARIATION OF SO_2 AND AEROSOL PARTICLE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EASTERN CHINA

The average concentrations of sulphur dioxide,sulfate aerosol and TSP were about 8—10 ppb,15.08 μg m~(-3),and241.40 μg m~(-3) respectively,which were measured at the Lin'an regional background station during August—November,1991.The higher concentrations of SO_2 and SO_4~(2-) maybe acidify the rainfall.It has a great influence uponthe human health and ecosystem.The simulated results indicate that the distributions of SO_2 and SO_4~(2-) were deter-mined by local emission sources.Average aerosol particle number density was 2.0×10~4 cm~(-3).It shows that social devel-opment and human activities strongly affect the atmospheric background level.     

A REGIONAL MODEL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS ON EASTERN ASIA AND WEST PACIFIC OCEAN REGIONS

A simulated study of mechanism for variations and distributions of ozone and its precursors was made by using thethree-dimensional regional Eulerian model.The results showed that the ozone production was controlled by NO,butthere is a complicated nonlinear relation between them.The photochemical reactions controlled by solar radiation arethe determinative factors affecting the variations of the surface ozone and its precursors.The relations of ozone and CO,PAN were studied.We compared the simulated and observed results during the PEM-WEST A in order to better under-stand the photochemical processes of ozone and its precursors.     

中美大气化学联合考察实验结果的初步分析与比较

根据临安区域本底站观测资料分析结果得出,中国中纬度地区秋、冬季O₃及其前体物NO_x等浓度偏高,可以对农作物和地表生态系统产生影响.观测结果表明:近地层大气O₃浓度主要决定于地面总辐射量控制下的光化学反应过程;O₃的生成受到前体物NO_x的控制,但O₃与NO_x存在着明显的非线性关系.从PEM-WESTA和B的实验及1995年的观测资料表明,O₃的生成效率随着NO_x浓度的增大而减小.尽管O₃的生成速率秋季比冬季的大,但由于秋季较高的NO_x抑制了过氧基的生成,因此冬季O₃的累积量几乎可以和秋季相比拟.在临安观测的NMHC和NO_x的比值比国外同纬度地区测值要大.这说明在临安本底站O₃的光化学生成中,NMHC不是控制物种.从而提示我们,在这些季节临安O₃光化学产物能够被NO_x浓度所控制.中美大气化学联合考察(PEM-WEST-B)实验期间,台湾省的卡盯站SO₂的平均浓度为0.29ppb,O₃的平均浓度为42.2ppb,可以认为此值为低纬度海岛的本底值.1994年PEM-WEST-B实验期间临安站的观测资料和台湾省的卡盯站资料相比,临安站SO₂的浓度约为卡盯站SO₂浓度的50倍左右,从而可以看出人类活动对大气本底的显着影响.     

长江河水~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值的季节性变化及其指示意义:以长江大通站为例

在长江下游大通水文站进行了为期1年的每2周1次的水样采样,分析测试其Sr含量及其同位素组成。结果表明,长江溶解Sr浓度在1.74~2.92μmol/L之间变化,87Sr/86Sr值的范围为0.710125~0.710965,河水Sr含量及同位素组成出现明显的季节性差异,表现为从洪水季节开始87Sr/86Sr值逐步升高,至12月达到最高值后缓慢下降并在下一个洪水季节到来时升高。研究认为,下游河水87Sr/86Sr值的季节性变化主要受流域降雨的时空变化所导致的物源相对贡献比例变化控制。受季风气候影响,当洪水期短期强降雨集中在上游地区时,强烈的风化使得上游贡献增多,致使下游河水Sr同位素组成迅速降低。采样期间(2011年1~5月)中下游的持久干旱致使中下游硅酸盐岩风化对河水Sr贡献减少从而造成河水同位素组成持续降低。同时,基于全年样品数据计算得出长江溶解Sr同位素组成的入海特征值为0.710628,Sr通量为1.9×109mol/a。研究结果表明河水Sr同位素组对流域极端气候的响应较好,可为今后使用历史时期物质Sr同位素研究解释极端气候变化奠定基础。