塔里木盆地中的大气环流及沙尘暴成因探讨--根据沙漠风积地貌和气象观测重建的风场

沙漠风积地貌的形态可反映风向的长期变化, 作者通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠风积地貌形态所揭示的风向及盆地边缘气象站40年的风况分析和合并, 重建了盆地中沙尘暴形成时的风场.在分析冷空气入侵塔里木盆地的路径、盆地中不同时期热力状况的基础上, 从大气环流的角度探讨了盆地中沙尘暴的成因.结果表明, 在暖季(春、夏), 由于地面对大气感热加热作用强烈, 形成了浅薄的热低压.当不同强度的冷空气入侵时, 尽管风场有所不同, 但都会分别在和田-于田-民丰一带、柯坪一带形成强大的辐合上升区, 使这两个地区成为中国沙尘暴发生频率最     

近50年河西走廊地区降水均值突变特征分析

利用1960-2009年河西走廊地区16个测站的年和季降水资料,在对该区降水量进行气候分区的基础上,采用墨西哥帽小波函数,对该区域各代表站年和季降水的均值突变特征进行了小波分析,揭示了河西走廊地区降水变化的多时间尺度突变特征。结果表明,河西走廊地区降水量在1968,1973,1982,1991及2005年左右发生了均值...     

近百年中国气候变暖趋势之再评估

基于均一化的气温观测序列集,1900年以来中国气温升高趋势1.3—1.7℃/（100 a）。这个已用于新近的中国国家气候变化评估报告的结果,远高于早期的评估结果（0.5—0.8℃/（100 a））。回顾了始于20世纪80年代的中国百年气温序列的研究,指出其中关键进展在于近年来研发了均一化的长期站点气温观测序列集。早年构建的中国气温序列中,20世纪40年代前异常偏高,除了战乱期间观测缺失严重及记录代表性问题外,主要是50年代前后很多台站迁址导致早期气温观测值系统性偏高所致,从而低估长期变暖趋势。40年代前后部分区域确实偏暖,但由于不同区域气温波动位相不一致,因而大范围平均序列中并不明显。这一事实可与近年发展的“北极暖-大陆冷”等气候变化动力学理论以及一些区域气温代用资料相印证。近几十年城市化对中国气温变化趋势之贡献大小尚存争议,但远非主导因素。      

近40年我国东部夏季旱涝气候特征

采用服从 Person Ⅲ型分布的降水 Z 指标,分析了1951—1990年我国东部夏季旱涝的年际变化及演变趋势。使用经验正交函数分析、Schuster 周期图等方法揭示了旱涝分布、旱涝变化周期等气候特征。结果表明,我国东部大范围旱涝灾害平均2—3年一遇;华南、黄河、东北等区域呈干旱化趋势,长江、江淮向湿润化发展;旱涝变化存在3—6年准周期。     

Characteristics and Diagnosis of the Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China During 1981-2018

This paper applies statistical and synthetic analysis methods to study the characteristics of the three types of tropical cyclone (TC) that landed in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 1981 to 2018 and the reasons for the differences of TC-induced wind and precipitation. The results show that there are interdecadal changes in the frequency and intensity of the landfalling TCs in the GBA, with decreased frequency but increased intensity in the 2010s. The TCs that landed in the west of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) have the most frequency and the strongest intensity during landing, which bring the strongest winds; the TCs that landed in the PRE have the least frequency and the shortest duration after landing, which cause the strongest precipitation; the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE have the relatively longest duration on the land. This study shows that near the center of the TCs that landed in the PRE, there is a weak anomalous cyclonic shear compared with the ones that landed in the west of the PRE. Compared with the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE, it is a confluence area of anomalous north wind and anomalous southwest wind, with better water vapor convergence and dynamic rising conditions, which is conducive to the formation of heavy precipitation. Compared with the TCs that landed in the PRE and in its east, there is a closed positive anomalous center of pressure gradient in the northwest center of the TCs that landed in its west, resulting in higher wind speeds in the west of the PRE. The characteristics of the three types of TCs in the GBA are highly related to TC-induced damage. In the future, the GBA needs to focus on preventing TCs landing in its west. Zhuhai, Jiangmen and Huizhou are key cities to guard against TCs. The results of this study provide foundations for effective management and reduction of TC disaster risks in the future construction of the GBA.     

北方雨水丰沛小麦望丰 南方洪涝虫害水稻受害

5月,时值春夏交际,气温变幅大。月初,江苏、山东等省出现晚霜冻;月末,江苏、安徽、湖北、云南等地高温炎热。月内,北方气候适宜,夏粮丰收在望;南方大雨滂沱,广东、广西发生洪涝。风雹天气较为频繁。大兴安岭发生森林大火,灾情较重。     

Changes in Seasonal Patterns of Temperature and Precipitation in China During 1971-2000

Many studies have shown evidence for significant changes in surface climate in different regions of the world and during different seasons over the past 100 years. Based on daily temperature and precipitation data from 720 climate stations in China, cluster analysis was used to identify regions in China that have experienced similar changes in the seasonal cycle of temperature and precipitation during the 1971-2000 climate normal period. Differences in 11-day averages of daily mean temperature and total precipitation between the first （1971-1985） and second （1986-2000） halves of the record were analyzed using the Mann- Whitney U test and the global κ-means clustering algorithm. Results show that most parts of China experienced significant increases in temperature between the two periods, especially in winter, although some of this warming may be attributable to the urban heat island effect in large cities. Most of western China experienced more precipitation in 1986-2000, while precipitation decreased in the Yellow River valley. Changes in the summer monsoon were also evident, with decreases in precipitation during the onset and decay phases, and increases during the wettest period.     

青藏高原上空温度场低频变化的垂直结构及其与热带海气的相互关系

采用一点相关法研究了青藏高原东部对流层－平流层下部温度场低频变化的垂直结构,指出了最大负相关层的高度和强度随季节的变化特点,并与高原北部格尔木和我国东部（１２０°Ｅ、３０～５０°Ｎ）区域作了比较。从青藏高原对流层顶高度的季节变化、大气温度层结和动能垂直分布探讨了青藏高原温度场低频垂直结构及季节变化的物理背景。并指出：秋季１０～１１月青藏高原东部垂直热力结构、赤道印度洋－太平洋的两个纬向垂直Ｗａｌｋｅｒ环流圈强度与赤道东太平洋（０～１０°Ｓ、１８０～９０°Ｗ）区域ＳＳＴＡ之间具有极为密切的耦合关系。     

青藏高原沙尘及其可能的气候意义

利用1961-2000年高原91个站的气象实测资料并结合高原沙区分布状况，分析了近40a青藏高原沙尘暴的时空分布特征。结果表明，高原具备发生沙尘暴的前提条件，大片的流动沙丘和大片荒漠化土地为沙尘暴的发生提供了充足的沙源，年沙尘暴发生频率非常高，大体有以羌塘高原为中心向东南逐渐减少的趋势。从12月至翌年4月，沙尘暴发生中心从藏南的雅鲁藏布江上游河谷地区依次逐渐向北扩展到羌塘高原南部、羌塘高原及塔里木盆地南部，这种季节性摆动与副热带西风急流的位置变化密切相关，加上高原海拔4000～5000m的高度，细粒物质被轻松地扬升到西风急流区，传往遥远的北太平洋地区，高原成为远程传输最高效的沙尘源地之一。沉降在北太平洋的沙尘，加强了海洋生物泵的效率，进而可能对全球气候产生影响。     

中国沙尘暴时空变化特征及日本、韩国黄沙的源地研究

利用1961～2000年中国681个站的气象实测资料,分析了近40年我国沙尘暴月际时空分布特征.结果表明,中国沙尘暴主要发生区域在青藏高原和北方干旱半干旱地区.12～3月,沙尘暴发生中心集中在青藏高原上,并随时间推移中心向北推移;4～6月在北方的干旱半干旱地区,其中4月是中国沙尘暴发生范围最大的月份;对比中国沙尘暴和日韩黄沙天气的月际分布,推测日韩两国冬季的黄沙大部分应该来源于青藏高原,春季青藏高原也有一定的贡献.由于沙尘暴发生在相差悬殊的不同海拔高度上,特别是在春季,扬起的沙尘在低层随涡旋系统而高层随行星西风向下游传输,可能是日韩观测到沙尘多层结构的重要原因之一.