基于DEM和高分辨率遥感影像的“膨胀-融合”式地表沟壑提取

地表沟壑的精细化提取是地形地貌特征的重要内容.针对现有沟壑提取结果中存在断裂区域和伪沟壑区域的情况,提出一种基于DEM和高分辨率遥感影像的地表沟壑“膨胀-融合”式提取方法.该方法综合了D8算法、坡向变率算法和面向对象分类方法的提取结果,首先引入距离制图算法对初始沟壑进行方向性膨胀,然后通过栅格重分类和代数运算进行沟壑融合,剔除伪沟壑区域,最终实现研究区域内沟壑的精细化提取.以GDEM v2数据和高分二号影像数据为数据源,精细化提取了湖北省神农架林区举黑沟至麻湾村一带的地表沟壑.采用随机点验证法对实验区域内的沟壑提取结果进行了精度评价,结果表明该方法的总体精度为92%,能有效弥合数据中的断裂区域,同时剔除伪沟壑区域,达到提高沟壑提取精度的目的.      

燕辽地区下马岭组内基性岩床侵位过程中CO_2释放量估算及对表生环境影响的探讨

大火成岩省对全球性环境巨变及大规模生物灭绝的影响是国际地学界关注的主要前缘科学问题之一。一般认为大火成岩省中熔岩流喷发所释放的温室及有毒气体、火山灰及其它流体是导致环境巨变及生物灭绝的最主要原因之一。但近年来研究表明,作为大火成岩省重要组成部分之一的大规模基性岩床(辉绿岩为主),其侵位到黑色页岩、煤层、蒸发岩及碳酸盐岩中释放出了巨量的温室及有毒气体,并对表生环境及生物灭绝有重要的驱动作用。在华北克拉通北缘近年来发现的约1.32Ga燕辽大火成岩省由大规模辉绿岩床群组成,这些辉绿岩床主要侵位于下马岭组黑色页岩(TOC含量0.6～20%,平均值约6.0%)中,部分侵位到雾迷山组及高于庄组白云岩或白云质灰岩中。野外调查结果表明,受岩床侵位的影响,辉绿岩床与下马岭组接触带附近黑色页岩有强烈的角岩化及脱碳现象。在接触带厚度及辉绿岩岩床与黑色页岩分布范围调查的基础上,根据受不同程度影响黑色页岩内总有机碳(TOC)含量分析结果,初步估算出岩床侵位到下马岭组黑色页岩过程中CO_2的释放量可达1.10×10~(12)t。如果考虑到华北克拉通燕辽地区侵入到高于庄组和雾迷山组碳酸盐岩中的岩床,以及北澳大利亚克拉通麦克阿瑟盆地Velkerri组中1.32Ga的大规模代里姆辉绿岩床群,这一时期辉绿岩岩床侵位所释放的CO_2等温室气体量可能会更大。华北克拉通燕辽及北澳大利亚克拉通代里姆1.32Ga大规模辉绿岩床侵位热接触变质中CO_2等气体的释放可能对大气—海洋环境有显著的影响,但由于华北及北澳大利亚克拉通缺少这一时期的沉积,其地质记录(如碳同位素负漂移,元素或其它同位素异常、生物量指标的差异等)可能存在于全球其它克拉通(如西伯利亚、波罗地等)约1.32Ga沉积地层中,需要开展更为深入的研究工作。     

用氚讨论中国西部新疆干旱区的水循环率

Tritium concentrations are used to trace water circulation in the Urumqi and Turfan basins in the Xinjiang, western China. Tritium analyses were made for 77 water samples of river waters, groundwaters, spring waters, lake waters and glacier ice collected in summers in 1992 and 1994. The tritium concentrations in the waters are in a wide range from 0 to 125 TU, most of which are considerably high compared with those of most waters in Japan, because tritium levels in precipitation in the area are over ten times as high as those in Japan. River waters originating in glacier regions contain melt glacier, the proportion of which is over 0.5 to river water. The mean resi-dence time of circulating meteoric water in the mountain regions is estimated to be about 15 years. Most groundwaters and spring waters in the flat regions are mainly derived from river waters originating in glacier regions. The groundwater of greatest tritium concentrations in wells in Urumqi City is derived from Urumqi River about 25 years ago. It takes several ten years for river water to pass the underground to many springs. Some groundwaters and spring waters have taken a long time more than 40 years to travel under the ground. Enrichment of tritium in lake water by evaporation is considered to estimate the contribution of groundwater flow to the recharge of lake. Various contributions of groundwater to lakes are inferred for the various type of salinity in closed or semi-closed lakes. The inflow rates of groundwater to salt lakes are small as against fresh water lakes.     

“8.8”大地震后九寨沟世界遗产地湖泊淤积与沼泽化现状评价

地震及其伴生地貌过程破坏山体植被和土壤,产生的松散物源进入湖泊可能会带来泥沙淤积与沼泽化的风险.为探明九寨沟"8.8"大地震后湖泊淤积与沼泽化现状,以及松散物源的影响,本研究选取九寨沟景区内4个淤积与沼泽化程度不同的湖泊,进行了实地勘查,采用植被指标为主、促淤效应为辅的沼泽化综合评价方法进行现状评价;同时,结合无人机获取的湖泊周边环境和受灾程度信息,探讨了地震后伴生地貌过程及产物对九寨沟湖泊淤积与沼泽化的影响.结果表明：（1）四个湖泊的沼泽化发展模式均是由岸边向湖心推进.（2）各湖淤积与沼泽化程度空间分布特征存在差异,按发展程度从高到低依次表现为：五花海沼泽化程度最高,西北侧处于沼泽化后期（沼泽化指标值为[3,4]）;镜海次之,局部处于沼泽化盛期（沼泽化指标值为[1.5,3]）;犀牛海再次,仅出入水口处于沼泽化前期（沼泽化指标值为[1.5,2.5]）;箭竹海最低,整体处于沼泽化前期（沼泽化指标值为[0,1.5]）.（3）松散物源输入造成湖岸淤积程度增加、促进水生植被扩张,是造成九寨沟湖泊淤积和沼泽化发展的重要原因.管理者需重点关注小微湖泊、出入水口、受灾点的沼泽化发展情况.     

城市社区养老设施配置空间均衡研究

我国人口老龄化增速势头不减,存在养老服务业发展不平衡、老龄服务供给不足的矛盾。北京是较早进入老龄化的城市,提出了以居家为主的“9064”养老模式以解决养老资源缺口问题。为促进社区养老服务供给的便利化,提高老年群体对养老服务的“获得感”,本文以北京市海淀区老年人口密度较大的17个街道为研究区,采用百度POI、小区户数、高德地图和遥感影像等多源数据,对老年人口统计数据进行空间网格化,比较国家、省（市）社区养老设施的服务半径及调查所得老年人日常出行特征,引入北京市居住公共服务设施配置指标作为评价标准,应用改进型两步移动搜索算法并构建空间均衡系数,从服务覆盖率、供需比和医疗资源易获性3个方面对社区养老设施进行空间均衡研究。结果表明,研究区内社区养老驿站的数量仍有不足,不同半径下的服务覆盖率和供需比差异显著,500 m半径内的覆盖率仅为23.3%,空间分布不合理是超八成社区养老驿站供需比偏低的主要原因,基层社区卫生机构对医疗资源的易获性有积极作用;社区养老服务发展不均衡,需要进一步优化配置。     

美国大规模调水的经济效益问题

Ⅰ.现有的与予计的调水情况美国的降水分布是很不均匀的。粗略地说,这个国家的东部水资源丰沛而西部则干旱少雨。所以,毫不足怪,东部的水质问题比较突出,而高部水量问题则占首要地位。因而,西部地区对跨流域调水抱有极大的兴趣。     

湖南近五年来之雾

一、日之天气 雾之形成,须有待於静隐层结乏气团。於时风力微弱,对流不盛。故凡以足以扰动气团层结之因子,如风力增大气温升高等,均类能防础雾之发生,尤以辐射类为然。兹将湘省之长沙、常德、衡阳三地雾日之天气状况分述於下:     

近年来人类活动影响下长江河口的变化模式

To evaluate the controlling factors for coastline change of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary since 1974,we extracted the mean high tide line from multi-temporal remote sensing images that span from 1974 to 2014 at 2-year intervals.We chose 42 scenes to constrain the changing pattern of the Changjiang Estuary coastline,and implemented GIS technology to analyze the area change of the Changjiang(Yangtze) Subaerial Delta.Runoff,sediment discharge and coastal engineering were withal considered in the analysis of the coastline changes.The coastline has transgressed seaward since 1974,and a part of it presents inter-annual variations.The area of the Changjiang Subaerial Delta increased by 871 km2,with a net accretion rate of 21.8 km2/a.Based on the change of sediment discharge due to the major projects in the Changjiang River Basin,we divided the changing pattern of the coastline into three stages:the slow accretion stage(1974–1986),the moderate accretion stage(1987–2002),and the rapid accretion stage(2003–2014).Liner regression analysis illustrated that there is a significantly positive correlation between the area changes and sediment discharge in the Chongming Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha.This suggested that sediment load has a fundamental effect on the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary.Construction of Deep Waterway in the North Passage of the Changjiang River(1998–2010) led to a rapid accretion in the Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha by influencing the hydrodynamics in North Passage.Coastal engineering such as reclamation and harbor construction can also change the morphology of the Changjiang Estuary.We defined a contribution rate of area change to assess the impact of reclamation on the evolution of Changjiang Estuary.It turned out that more than 45.3% of area increment of the Changjiang Estuary was attributed to reclamation.     

苏北滨海湿地互花米草潮滩CO2,CH4和N2O通量的日变化规律

The invasions of the alien species such as Spartina alterniflora along the northern Jiangsu coastlines have posed a threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem function.Yet,limited attention has been given to their potential influence on greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions,including the diurnal variations of GHG fluxes that are fundamental in estimating the carbon and nitrogen budget.In this study,we examined the diurnal variation in fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_2),methane(CH_4),and nitrous oxide(N2O) from a S.alterniflora intertidal flat in June,October,and December of 2013 and April of 2014 representing the summer,autumn,winter,and spring seasons,respectively.We found that the average CH_4 fluxes on the diurnal scale were positive during the growing season while negative otherwise.The tidal flat of S.alterniflora acted as a source of CH_4 in summer(June) and a combination of source and sink in other seasons.We observed higher diurnal variations in the CO_2 and N_2O fluxes during the growing season(1 536.5 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 25.6 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) compared with those measured in the non-growing season(379.1 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 16.5 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)).The mean fluxes of CH_4 were higher at night than that in the daytime during all the seasons but October.The diurnal variation in the fluxes of CO_2 in June and N_2O in December fluctuated more than that in October and April.However,two peak curves in October and April were observed for the diurnal changes in CO_2 and N_2O fluxes(prominent peaks were found in the morning of October and in the afternoon of April,respectively).The highest diurnal variation in the N_2O fluxes took place at 15:00(86.4 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) in June with an unimodal distribution.Water logging in October increased the emission of CO_2(especially at nighttime),yet decreased N_2O and CH_4 emissions to a different degree on the daily scale because of the restrained diffusion rates of the gases.The seasonal and diurnal variations of CH_4 and CO_2 fluxes did not correlate to the air and soil temperatures,whereas the seasonal and diurnal variation of the fluxes of N_2O in June exhibited a significant correlation with air temperature.When N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were converted to CO_2-e equivalents,the emissions of N_2O had a remarkable potential to impact the global warming.The mean daily flux(MF) and total daily flux(TDF) were higher in the growing season,nevertheless,the MF and TDF of CO_2 were higher in October and those of CH_4 and N_2O were higher in June.In spite of the difference in the optimal sampling times throughout the observation period,our results obtained have implications for sampling and scaling strategies in estimating the GHG fluxes in coastal saline wetlands.