安徽淮南地区土壤污染综合研究

本文在多因素调查分析的基础上，得出淮南地区不区土壤综合污染指数，讨论了分区差异性的原因，分析了土壤污染的机理。     

南海古海啸重建与海啸沉积研究进展

中国东海、南海等近海临近琉球海沟、马尼拉海沟等俯冲带,地震频发。过去的海啸研究主要关注历史文献分析、海啸数值模拟等,据此评估中国近岸海啸灾害的历史和风险。历史时期是否引发了海啸,特别是具有特大致灾风险的大海啸记录,目前还不明确。近年来,本课题组通过对海岛、海洋沉积和海岸带及其岛屿的沉积过程、海啸遗迹和历史记录研究,阐述了确定古海啸的系列研究方法。首先通过对南海西沙群岛东岛湖泊沉积序列、大量砗磲和珊瑚块在海岛分布的特征分析,识别出距今千年的一次海啸事件。以此为标志,根据湖泊沉积结构作为识别海岛海啸沉积的特征。同时提出了确定海岛海啸发生时代的样品采集和定年方法,其中包括根据事件沉积层顶部和底部植物残体¹⁴C年龄定年和历史文献记录的印证。首次确定在过去1 300年中,南海发生过一次海啸,其发生时间为公元1076年。为了寻找更古老的海啸记录,结合对东海闽浙沿岸过去两千年海洋泥质沉积的分析,发现南海海啸在沉积序列中留下记录,但除此之外沉积记录中并无更强的扰动,因此东海在过去两千年中受到海啸的影响较小。1076年的海啸同时冲击了南海沿岸,通过对广东南澳岛考察发现,岛屿东南海岸保存着距今约1 000年的海啸沉积层,其中夹杂着宋代陶器瓷器残片。对遗迹数量变化的分析显示,岛上的文化受海啸破坏出现了长达500年的文化中断,直至明代中后期设镇之后才逐渐恢复。根据海啸层植物残体、贝壳¹⁴C测年、覆盖海啸层的海砂光释光定年以及瓷器碎片的年代鉴定了海啸的发生时代,并据此提出了海岸带古海啸沉积的定年方法。此外,不同环境下海啸沉积的特征也存在较大区别,需要结合地形、沉积物来源以及地球化学特征等多种指标进行识别。有迹象表明海南岛东侧海岸带有海啸破坏的明显证据,需要进行深入的研究。     

Sodium and potassium in the bones of penguin and skua revealed by EPR and SR-XRF technique

Penguin and skua in the maritime Antarctic have high salt loadings in the body due to almost exclusive diet consumption of marine invertebrates. However, the storage and turnover of sodium and potassium in these animals are poorly investigated. Here we determined the concentration and microscopic distribution of the two elements in the bones of penguin and skua. The average concentrations of sodium and potassium in penguin bone were comparable with that in skua bone (0.18% and 0.82% for penguin bone; 0.19% and 0.76% for skua bone in dry weight). The ratios of sodium to calcium and potassium to calcium (0.0330 and 0.0075 for penguin, 0.0335 and 0.0082 for skua in average by weight) were somewhat higher than the reported ratios for terrestrial animals, indicating these marine animals' bone enrichment of salt. The ratios of sodium to potassium in average by weight were 6.75 and 4.65 for penguin and skua, respectively. This value is much lower compared with the bulk sea water ratio of about 27.0, implying that potassium is favorable to reside in the bone rather than sodium. Both sodium and potassium were found to significant correlation with the content of organic materials in bone based upon the intensity of native signal determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It was estimated that almost all of potassium is kept within the organic phases, while about 30% of sodium is stored in organic phases and the other 70% within mineral phase. The microscopic distributions of potassium in the cross-section and/or surface were revealed by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) technique. The ratio of potassium to calcium based upon the SR-XRF intensity counter varied considerably from the surface to the interior, and on the surface the highest concentration of potassium was observed in the middle section with decreasing amounts toward the edge. This indirectly documented that exchange of potassium between fluid and bone organic phase maybe occur.     

Feasibility of using reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of bio-element concentrations in Antarctic ornithogenic sediments

Compared with traditional chemical analysis methods, reflectance spectroscopy has the advantages of speed, minimal or no sample preparation, non-destruction, and low cost. The present study explored the application of the reflectance spectroscopy within near ultraviolet-visible-near infrared region to predict bio-element compositions in the ornithogenic sediments from the maritime Antarctic. A total of 106 samples were taken from four ornithogenic sediment cores on the Ardley Island of Antarctica, 68 samples were used for building calibration equation, and 38 for prediction of nine bio-elements including P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Ba, F and S. Three multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including stepwise multiple linear regression (Stepwise-MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLS) were used to develop mathematical relationships between the spectral data and the chemical reference data. The results showed that the regression models constructed by PCR and PLS models have no significant differences, and obviously supervisor to Stepwise-MLR. The correlations between spectra-predicted and chemically analyzed concentrations of nine bio-elements are statistically significant, and the concentration-versus-depth profiles predicted from reflectance spectra using PLS calibration model are consistent with those from actual chemical analysis. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using reflectance spectroscopy to infer bio-element concentrations in the ornithogenic sediments, and thus it is suggested that the reflectance spectroscopy could provide a rapid and valuable technique to indirectly identify whether the sediments were influenced by penguin droppings in the Antarctic region.     

南极阿德雷岛湖泊沉积:企鹅粪土层识别

在 CHINARE- 1 5考察期间 ,采集了南极阿德雷岛 Y2湖 67.5cm长的一支湖芯。室内分析测试了部分化学元素的含量 ,与南极西湖沉积物、新鲜企鹅粪、阿德雷岛鸟粪土和南沙太平岛鸟成土的元素特征进行对比后指出该湖泊沉积物为企鹅粪土。元素的聚类分析结果表明该粪土的元素标型组合包括 P、S、Sr、Ba、Cu、Zn、Se、Ca和 F等 9种元素。这为进一步解释其中所记录的气候环境事件提供了依据。     

上海-南极洋面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O时空变化特征

在中国第22次南极科学考察期间,采用Tedlar气袋采集了“雪龙号”考察船航线上洋面大气样品以及东南极米洛半岛近地面大气样品（采样时间分别为地方时上午10：00和夜间22：00）,在室内通过带有全自动预GC浓缩接口（PreCon）的Thermo Finnigan MAT-253同位素质谱仪,对这些大气样品中N20的同位素组成进行了高精度地测量;并分析了其δ^15N与δ^18O空间变化规律．上海-南极洋面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O平均分别为（7．21±0．50）‰和（44．52±0．52）‰．由30°N往南极随着纬度的变化,δ^15N（6．05‰～7．88‰）呈线性增加趋势,增加率为0．01‰/纬度,δ^18O（43．05‰～48．78‰）则呈现较大的波动;且δ^15N气温、N2O浓度呈负相关,而与δ^18O呈弱的正相关．东南极米洛半岛近地面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O夏季变化趋势相一致,且二者呈显著正相关,而与N2O浓度呈显著负相关;不同地点大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O平均分别为（7．46±0.39）％。和（44．6±0．45）‰,略高于洋面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O;而显著高于北半球低纬度大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O值．分析讨论了引起地面大气N2O的δ^15N与δ^18O空间变化的主导因素．提供了全球大区域洋面大气N2O的同位素资料,有助于定量评估全球与区域大气N2O的净收支．     

南极无冰区生态与环境变化在粪土层中的记录

极地海鸟、海兽等生物排泄物的堆积层和含粪的沉积层是进行极地生态地质学研究的良好载体。从生物粪土沉积层中恢复出的企鹅、海豹数量变化记录表明,历史时期南极企鹅、海豹种群数量出现过显著的波动。在新冰期时企鹅数量锐减,气候过冷或过暖都不利于它们的生存,南极海豹数量变化也受到气候变化、海冰条件和取食行为的控制。另外,南极海豹毛和生物粪土层中还保存了过去几千年人类文明的历史信息,汞（Hg）含量的波动与人类冶金文明的盛衰存在明显的响应关系。     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵湖泊沉积生物标志物记录及其环境气候意义

东南极拉斯曼丘陵地区莫愁湖（69°22.3’ S,76°22.0’ E）沉积柱中的有机生物标志物记录了全新世中晚期该地区气候演变过程。不饱和长链烯酮在沉积柱111-76 cm （6450-5100 cal. yr. BP）和36-30 cm（3700-3500 cal. yr. BP）深度有检出,76 cm深度以上基本消失,表明该地区在5100 cal. yr. BP前后气候开始由冷转暖,冰川消融,陆壳抬升,相对海平面下降,同时大量的冰融水使湖泊逐渐淡化。沉积柱底部长链烯酮的检出阶段与东南极相对海平面较高时期相一致,而沉积柱36-30 cm（3700-3500 cal. yr. BP）深度不饱和长链烯酮的痕量检出则揭示了一个短暂的气候干冷,湖泊盐度升高的时期。沉积物中正构烷烃反映的当地气候变化所控制的湖生植物群落演变过程与上述过程基本一致。     

新疆阿拉套山中新生代构造演化及对煤田的控制

本文应用地洼学说的观点,明确提出本区经历过地槽、地台、地洼三个大地构造发展阶段;详尽阐述了地台、地洼发展阶段的构造运动、地貎和沉积环境演化特征;指出本区存在地台型煤田;并探讨了地洼构造对煤田的改造过程。在此基础上提出了明确的找煤远景区。经实践验证的成果表明:应用地洼学说研究本区的中新生代构造演化是有理论和实际意义的。     

北极新奥尔松古海鸟粪土层的识别

对采自北极新奥尔松(Ny-lesund)一级海岸阶地上的海蚀凹槽沉积剖面进行沉积岩相学、同位素地球化学和元素地球化学研究,结果显示该剖面的70-118 cm段显著受到了海鸟粪沉积的影响,为含贝壳的海鸟粪土沉积层。该段粪土沉积层中大多数元素的浓度随深度表现出明显的波动特征,其中TOC、TN、Se、Sr、CaO、Pb、As、Zn等元素含量在深度剖面上表现出较为一致的垂向变化趋势。对粪土层的元素地球化学数据进行了聚类分析,结果表明在浓度剖面上具有较好协同关系的上述元素组合与海鸟粪有机质的输入密切相关,这些具有显著地球化学性质差异的元素共生组合是北极新奥尔松粪土沉积层的生物地球化学组合的标型特征,它们的含量变化主要受控于海鸟粪对沉积物的影响程度。海鸟粪土生物地球化学标型组合特征的识别为进一步研究该地区12-4 ka B.P.的海鸟生态系统和气候演化记录提供了科学基础。