GPS应用与大气三维结构监测技术研究

本项目主要就如何利用全球卫星定位系统（GPS）精确监测大气层水汽总量、如何将不同方法结合监测高原水汽总量、大气水汽资料的应用和稳定同位素分析技术在水汽源诊断等方面开展了研究，取得以下主要研究成果：     

Variation Characteristics of Ambient NMHCs at Shangdianzi and Lin＇an Regional GAW Sites

In order to study the variation characteristics of concentration of the atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in background area of China, the atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs were measured at Lin'an (LA) regional GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) Station (30°25'N, 119°44'E; 132.0 m ASL) and Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional GAW Station (40°19'N, 117°07'E; 286.5 m ASL) with the sorbent sorp-tion/thermal desorption/gas chromatographic method. Totally 145 samples were collected during the period of October 2003 and July 2004. Among the 52 NMHC species of C2-C10 detected there were 26 alkanes, 17 alkenes, and 9 aromatics. The average concentrations of total NMHCs (TNMHCs) at LA and SDZ were (238.5±126.0)×KT9C and (278.7±185.5)x10-9C, respectively. The results showed the ambient concentrations of TNMHCs at LA regional GAW Station increased notably over the last decade. The compositions of NMHCs at SDZ and LA were relatively similar. The proportions of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics for SDZ and LA were hi ranges of (27.3±4.0)%, (10.3±3.5)%, and (62.5±4.8)%, respectively, with features of vehicle exhaust emissions. The concentrations of NMHCs at the two sites showed obvious diurnal and seasonal variations. The TNMHC concentrations in October-November were high at the two sites, and relatively low in April and July. The diurnal variation patterns at the sites were different. The high TNMHC concentrations at SDZ normally appeared in evening and night, but appeared in morning at LA. The TNMHCs concentrations at the two sites were significantly influenced by the meteorological condition. The high TNMHC concentration associated with the local wind from the urban areas or traffic in upper reaches.     

亚洲降水中δ18O沿不同水汽输送路径的变化

利用IAEA/WMO全球监测网和青藏高原的监测站,建立了由赤道地区经我国西南水汽通道至长江中下游的南方水汽输送路径、沿西风带自我国西部经华北至日本的北方水汽输送路径以及自南亚穿喜马拉雅山到我国青藏高原的水汽输送路径的取样剖面,比较了三条水汽路径在不同季节降水中啄18O的变化及其与温度、降水量的关系。沿南方水汽路径,低纬度地区取样站降水中平均啄18O的季节差异较小。沿北方水汽路径,郑州以西取样站平均啄18O的季节差均大于郑州以东的取样站。随着经度的增加,降水中平均啄18O的季节差减小。沿高原水汽路径,印度次大陆南部降水中的啄18O相对较高,随着纬度的增加,降水中啄18O逐渐减小。在翻越喜马拉雅山后,由于强烈的洗涤作用,降水中啄18O急剧下降。     

非均匀地表条件下区域蒸发散通量计算方法的研究

文章改进了计算蒸发散通量的 Kotada-Barton模式（K-B模式)。经长江三角洲地区和淮河流域试验区各种不同陆面条件（水面，森林，麦田和水稻田）下的实际应用并通过和其它方法比较，认为该方法计算精度与涡动相关法及鲍恩比法相当，不论是计算蒸发散通量的瞬时值或日值都具有较高的可信度。该方法的最大优点在于它仅仅依赖于土地资源遥感信息、常规气象资料和基础地理信息如地面高程，而到目前为止上述资料均可以通过卫星等手段及常规观测得到。利用此方法计算了长江三角洲地区各种地表面上1995年各月的蒸发散量及该地区的区域平均蒸发散量。结果证明此方法具有较高的精确度，且基础资料容易得到，是一种估计不同地表覆盖条件下的蒸发散量和具有复杂的地形和土地利用条件下的区域平均蒸发散量的有用工具。     

北京城区大气边界层空气污染特征观测研究

2001年1～3月共分3期,在北京城市地区大气边界层进行了大气化学和气象现埸观测.结果表明北京城市低层大气中主要的气体污染物是NOx,其次为SO2;各高度SO2和NOx之间的关系有较好的一致性,NOx大约为SO2浓度的2倍或2倍以上;污染源排放是造成北京城市低层大气空气污染严重与否的主要原因之一;同一季节中空气污染状况很大程度上取决于天气条件;NO2/NO和NO之间有着较好的负幂指数相关关系;近地层不同高度和不同地点观测到的大气污染物随时间变化趋势有较好的一致性.     

北京北郊冬季低空大气气溶胶分析

文章分析了2001年1月10～16日和2月20日～3月2日两时段北京北郊中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m高的气象塔上距地面320、100和8 m 3个高度所采得的气溶胶样品的物理化学特征.计算了气溶胶的TSP浓度、化学组分及其分布和粒度谱.探讨了气象条件对气溶胶浓度及其来源和分布的影响.初步发现在所测的高度范围内,气溶胶TSP的浓度随高度的增高而下降,70%以上浓度分布在细粒组(d<2.1 μm).气溶胶中浓度最高的前20个元素是S、Fe、Ca、Al、K、Na、Mg、Zn、P、Ti、Pb、Ba、Mn、Cu、V、As、Cr、 Rb、Sb和Br.挥发性元素主要分布在细粒组,元素浓度随高度增加而减少.气溶胶的离子浓度也有相同的分布特征.风速变小、层结呈现稳定,尤其逆温以及大气湿度升高均为气溶胶浓度升高的因素.人为排放源是大气气溶胶的主要贡献者.导致北京严重空气污染的气溶胶源地以北京当地及其周边邻近地区的污染源为主.     

诊断天气气候时间序列极值特征的一种新方法

将平稳过程的交叉理论用于天气气候极值分析,提出了一种诊断天气气候时间序列极值特征量的新方法,在正态假设下,推证出天气气候记录中,极值出现频数、持续时间和等待时间的估计公式,论证了极值出现频数与其频谱结构的对应关系及其相互推算方法.实例应用表明,其理论计算值与实测值相当一致,这种方法对于气候变化诊断与预测和天气预报具有很强的实用价值.     

不同下垫面条件下土壤含水量时空变化特征的对比分析

根据淮河三站1998-05-21－08-31逐日土壤水分6层观测资料和黑河1991-06-20－08-21、1990-12-17－1991-02-15逐日土壤水分4层观测资料，分析了邻近绿洲的沙漠区、河网区（湿润区）几种典型下垫面土壤水分含量的时空变化特征。结果表明，不同类型的下垫面条件下，夏季土壤水分在湿润研究区呈明显的单峰偏态分布，且以β分布拟合效果为最好；而在邻近绿洲的沙漠研究区则呈多峰分布，冬季呈Γ分布，且湿润的研究区域夏季土壤水分在时间上呈显著的10－25d的周期变化。     

RESEARCH ON SURFACE O_3 WITH METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC BACKGROUND CONDITIONS IN NORTHEAST CHINA

Surface O_3 concentration and its precursors have been observed at Longfengshan station,Heilongjiang Province for a period of one year from August 13,1994 to July 30,1995.Relationship between surface O_3 and the meteorological conditions during this period is analyzed inthis study.Observation results show that diurnal variation of surface O_3 follows a pattern ofdouble-peaks with amplitude of 27—28 ppb under fine days in summer and autumn.Although thediurnal variation is small(14 ppb),it is still detectable when it is overcast.Diurnal variation of O_3is irregular under rainy days.Surface O_3 concentration rises when wind speed starts to increase at0800 BT(Beijing Time)from 0 to 6 m s~(-1)in autumn,winter and summer.Relative high surfaceO_3 concentration is noticed frequently when S,SSW,SW and WSW wind are encountered at thestation during all seasons.At 0800 BT and 1400 BT the surface O_3 concentration increases with theincrease of global radiation accordingly during fine days in winter,spring and autumn.During finedays average peak of O_3 concentration in summer is 20 ppb higher than that in winter while theaverage peak of global radiation in summer is almost twice as high as that in winter.The averagesurface O_3 concentration under fine days in autumn at Longfengshan station is 14 ppb lower incomparison to the observation results from Lin'an station where Lin'an is at about the samelongitude and lower latitude,with same environment,which is mainly caused by the difference ofglobal radiation due to different latitudes in these two areas(difference of average peak globalradiation about 100 W m~(-2)).     

庐山降水化学垂直分布的初步研究

庐山大气降水中离子浓度随高度降低而增高，但pH值减小。锋面过境降水与变性高压西南侧降水中各种离子浓度以及山下与山上测点离子浓度比有明显差异，这可能与气流来向和污染源的分布有关。气溶胶对降水中SO4=贡献为91.0%。气流不同来向影响气溶胶浓度。不同天气过程，不同离子的云下冲刷过程是不同的。