Numerical Experiment of Combined Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation Remote Sensing to Determine the Profile and Total Content of Atmospheric Ozone

A new remote sensing method is described to determine the vertical distribution and total content of atmospheric ozone. The method combines surface infrared, satellite infrared and ultraviolet channels. The width of the infrared channels is 0.01 cm-1, less than Lorentz half-width at the earth's surface, rather than the present width, because these channels can obtain information about variations in the ozone profile below the profile main-peak. The numerical experiments show that the method has a satisfactory precision in determining total ozone content, just about I percent error, and vertical distribution from the earth to 65 km space. In addition, some semi-analysis functions lor calculating backscattered ultraviolet and a relaxation equation are described in this paper.     

华北水资源年代际变化及其与全球变暖之间的关联

本文利用1951～2011 年期间中国台站资料、东亚地区的探空资料、NCEP/NCAR 和ERA40 等大气再分析资料,通过对水分平衡方程诊断探讨了华北地区过去60 年中水资源和可利用降水量的变化特征及其与大尺度环流变化之间的关系。结果发现,华北地区69%的降水量被蒸发,可利用降水仅仅为降水量的31%。夏季可利用降水是华北水资源的主要来源,华北夏季可利用降水量在80 年代初发生突变减少,进入21 世纪初,伴随蒸发量的增加该地区可利用降水量进一步减少。西风带水汽与东亚夏季风水汽是华北可利用降水的主要来源。NCAR/NCEP 和EAR40 再分析资料的结果均显示贝加尔湖一带的位势高度偏低和西太平洋高压的偏强有利于该地区降水增多。利用探空资料进一步证明,蒙古以及贝加尔湖地区的温度在对流层低层变暖和位势高度场的加强导致了过去几十年华北可利用降水量减少。由于贝加尔湖地区温度变化与全球变暖存在密切关联,监测该地区温度的变化对预测华北水资源和东亚夏季风的长期变化具有重要的意义。     

河南省月和年降水量正态性分析

利用1957～2008年(共52年)河南省48个气象站月、年降水量资料,利用标准偏态系数和峰度系数检验方法,对降水量的正态性进行了分析。结果表明,河南省大多数气象站的月和年降水量不服从正态分布,但对降水量序列进行开平方或开立方处理后,降水量序列的正态性得到明显的改善。半数台站的年降水量原始序列服从正态分布。对各站偏态系数进行平均,可以发现,所有站月序列的偏态系数均为原序列的最大,立方根序列的偏态系数最小。原序列均为正偏,平方根序列以正偏为主,立方根序列则以负偏为主。所有站月原序列的峰度系数均为正数,平方根或立方根的峰度系数则正负相间。     

淮河流域1960—2007年极端强降水事件特征

<正>政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告指出,强降水事件的发生频率在多数陆地地区呈增加趋势[1]。观测研究[2]表明,我国的极端强降水平均强度和极端强降水值都有增加的趋势,极端强降水事件也趋于增     

全球海气系统年代际突变时空特征的模拟评估

文中评估了5个耦合模式对1880年至今全球海气系统的年平均年代际突变时空特征的模拟能力。19世纪80年代—20世纪90年代,评估了耦合模式对海表温度(SST)和海平面气压(SLP)的年代际突变水平分布的模拟能力;20世纪70—90年代,评估了耦合模式对70、80和90年代这3次年代际突变大气的四维时空特征的模拟。结果表明,在上述2个时段中,5个耦合模式对SST场中年代际突变分布最主要的空间分布型——太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)没有抓住,可能导致了对SST年代际突变的空间分布的模拟能力较差,也没有模拟出SLP年代际突变的行星及其以上尺度的空间结构。20世纪70—90年代,在对流层中,UKMO-HadGEM1模式较好地模拟出了70年代的热带地区500 hPa气温和位势高度,80年代极地SLP,90年代南、北副热带气温和500 hPa气温的年代际突变的空间分布。GFDL-CM2.1模式部分模拟出了90年代的SST和500 hPa温度场突变的水平分布。其余模式中也有行星及以上尺度的年代际突变发生,虽然所模拟出来的突变的时间和空间分布与实际差异都较大,但说明这些模式可以模拟出大尺度气候系统年代际突变,其中包含的物理过程还有待于进一步的研究。在平流层,肖栋(2008年)指出1994年平流层的降温突变可能是1991年Pinatubo火山爆发所造成的臭氧减少导致的。其中,GFDL-CM2.1和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式较好地模拟出了平流层在1994年的降温突变,CCSM3和UKMO-HadGEM1模式部分模拟出了平流层的变冷突变,而FGC)ALS-g1.0模式没有模拟出来。分析表明,这可能是FGOALS-g1.0模式没有考虑火山灰或者臭氧的作用所致。     

Retrieving microphysical properties and air motion of cirrus clouds based on the doppler moments method using cloud radar

Radar parameters including radar reflectivity,Doppler velocity,and Doppler spectrum width were obtained from Doppler spectrum moments.The Doppler spectrum moment is the convolution of both the particle spectrum and the mean air vertical motion.Unlike strong precipitation,the motion of particles in cirrus clouds is quite close to the air motion around them.In this study,a method of Doppler moments was developed and used to retrieve cirrus cloud microphysical properties such as the mean air vertical velocity,mass-weighted diameter,effective particle size,and ice content.Ice content values were retrieved using both the Doppler spectrum method and classic Z-IWC(radar reflectivity-ice water content) relationships;however,the former is a more reasonable method.     

HLAFS显式云降水方案及其对暴雨和云的模拟(II)暴雨和云的模拟

在HLAFS业务数值预报模式的动力框架下,利用文章(I)所述的显式云降水方案,对一次暴雨过程和伴随着的云物蓝砸淮伪?雨过程和伴随着的云物泪果表明,显式方案对降水落区和强降水中心位置的预报较原HLAFS的大尺度饱和凝结方案有明显改进.模式能合理地揭示出暴雨发生、发展过程中的云系演变规律和云物理过程.冰相过程对降水、中尺度热力和动力场有明显影响,特别是冰相过程有利于降水的早期的形成速率.与卫星TBB资料的对比分析表明,引进显式方案后,模式能较合理地模拟出云系的轮廓、位置、范围、强度、生消和移向,模式模拟出的云顶温度与卫星测量出的云顶温度较为一致.     

ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA

ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＺｈｏｕＸｉｕｊｉ（周秀骥），ＣｈｅｎＬｏｎｇｘｕｎ（陈隆勋），ＬｉＷｅｉｌｉａｎｇ（李维亮）ａｎｄＬｉＸｉａｏｗｅｎ（李晓文）ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧ...     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS IN THE YANGTZE DELTA OF CHINA

A numerical simulation model is presented in this paper,which comprises the processes ofcrop growth,soil organic carbon decomposition,and methane emissions in agroecosystems.Simulation results show that the model can simulate the main process of methane emissions well,and the correlation coefficient between the simulated values and observed data is 0.79 with 239samples,which passed a significance test of 0.01.The average error of methane emissionsimulation in whole growth period is about 15%.Numerical analysis of the model indicates that theaverage temperature during rice growth period has much impacts on methane emissions,and thebasic trend of interannual methane emissions is similar to that of average temperature.The amountof methane emissions reduces about 34.93%,when the fertilizer is used instead of manure in singlerice paddy.     

CLIMATIC FEATURES OF SEA TEMPERATURE OF WARM POOL AND RELATIONSHIP WITH SST OF ITS ADJACENT REGIONS

In this paper,climatic features of sea temperature of western Pacific warm pool and therelationship with sea surface temperature (SST) of its adjacent regions are analyzed based on theobserved sea temperature on vertical cross section along 137°E in western Pacific,the monthlymean SST of Xisha Station in South China Sea and the global monthly mean SST with resolution of1°×1°(U.K./GISST2.2).The results indicate that (1) in a sense of correlation.SST of westernPacific warm pool can represent its sea subsurface temperature from surface to 200 m-depth level inwinter,and it can only represent sea temperature from surface to 70 m depth in summer.The seasubsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may be more suitable for representing thermalregime of western Pacific warm pool.The sea subsurface temperature of warm pool has acharacteristic of quasi-biennial oscillation.(2)Warm pool and Kuroshio current are subject todifferent ocean current systems (3)Furthermore,the relationship between SST of Xisha Stationand SST of warm pool has a characteristic of negative correlation in winter and positive correlationin summer,and a better lag negative correlation of SST of Xisha Station with sea subsurfacetemperature of warm pool exists.(4)Additionally,oscillation structure of sea temperature like “aseesaw” exists in between warm pool and Regions Nino3 and Nino4.January (June) maximum(minimum) sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may serve as a strong signal thatindicates maturity phase (development phase) of La Nina (El Nino) event,it also acts as a strongsignal which reveals variations of SST of Regions Nino3 and Nino4.