20世纪80年代以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局(英文)

Land-use/land-cover changes(LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets(CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010, with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics, differences, and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes(LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years(1990–2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north, but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly, were mainly distributed in the east, and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first, and then increased, but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included(1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in theHuang-Huai-Hai region, the southeastern coastal areas, the midstream area of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields; and(4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural–pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau, and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades, although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland, policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century, the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation. The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries, the internal characteristics of zones, and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning, variations in unit boundaries, and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局

土地利用/土地覆被变化（LUCC）是人类活动与自然环境相互作用最直接的表现形式,本文采用相同空间分辨率的卫星遥感信息源和相同的技术方法,对中国1980 年代末到2010 年土地利用变化数据进行定期更新。在此基础上,提出并发展土地利用动态区划的方法,研究土地利用变化的空间格局与时空特征。我们发现：1990-2010 年的20 年间,中国土地利用变化表现出明显的时空差异。“南减北增,总量基本持衡,新增耕地的重心逐步由东北向西北移动”是耕地变化的基本特征;“扩展提速,东部为重心,向中西部蔓延”是城乡建设用地变化的基本特征;“林地前减后增,荒漠前增后减,草地持续减少”是非人工土地利用类型变化的主要特征。20 世纪末与21 世纪初两个10 年相比,中国土地利用变化空间格局出现了一些新特征,原有的13 个土地利用变化区划单元演变为15 个单元,且部分区划单元边界发生变化。主要变化格局特征为黄淮海地区、东南部沿海地区、长江中游地区和四川盆地城镇工矿用地呈现明显的加速扩张态势;北方地区耕地开垦重心由东北地区和内蒙古东部转向西北绿洲农业区;东北地区旱作耕地持续转变为水田;内蒙古农牧交错带南部、黄土高原和西南山地退耕还林还草效果初显。近20 年间,尽管气候变化对北方地区的耕地变化有一定的影响,但政策调控和经济驱动仍然是导致我国土地利用变化及其时空差异的主要原因。2000 年后的第一个10 年,土地利用格局变化的人为驱动因素已由单向国土开发为主,转变为开发与保护并重。在空间格局变化的分析方法方面,应用“动态区划法”开展世纪之交两个10 年中国LUCC空间格局变化的分析,有效揭示了20 年来中国LUCC“格局的变化过程”,即动态区划边界的推移、区划单元内部特征的变化与单元的消长等;以及“变化过程的格局”,即土地利用变化过程与特征的分阶段区域差异,清晰刻画了LUCC动态区划中区划单元的消长,单元边界的变动,以及前后10 年的变化强度特征,揭示了土地利用“格局”与“过程”之间的交替转化规律,以及不同类型和区域的变化原因,证明了该分析方法的有效性。     

遥感、地图、地理信息系统—体化应用

遥感、地图和地理信息系统（ＯＩＳ）三者呈“你中有我，我中有你”的相辅相成关系．三者一体化应用使地球科学得以进展，又能在资源开发、环境保护、自然灾害监测评价等方面发挥重要作用．一体化应用的基础是掌握三者的学科一技术特性与相通关系．     

地理信息系统的发展轨迹与数字山地构建

地理信息是地理信息系统的主体,其特质决定了世界上出现的第一个大型信息系统是地理信息系统。地理信息系统是在积累和传承地理信息科学创新进步的基础上,经历漫长的过程产生和发展,既是历史的产物,也是现代的结晶。目前,地理信息系统随着计算机技术、网络技术、仿真技术的进步处于迅速优化阶段,是构建数字地球不可或缺的支撑技术。探讨和了解地理信息系统产生和发展轨迹有助于正确确定数字地球(山地)构建的阶段性目标。“数字地球”概念的提出迅速在世界范围内引起强烈反响,我国政府和科技界高度重视。“数字山地”是“数字地球”重要的有机组成部分。我国是多山国家,构建数字山地意义重大,势在必行。阐述了构建数字山地的必要性和可行性,介绍和讨论了构建数字山地的14项研究内容和构建数字山地的科学体系以及关键支撑技术。同时指出,数字山地的构建是一项复杂的系统工程,研究与应用并重,机遇与挑战共存,任重而道远。     

嘉陵江中下游地区近30年土地利用与 覆被变化过程研究

应用遥感和GIS技术及数理统计学的方法，利用1972年MSS遥感影像、1986年和2000年的TM遥感影像，在总结了目前使用较广泛的土地利用类型动态度模型的基础上，提出了转出速度、转入速度、综合动态度、状态指数等模型，并指出唯有将这些模型综合运用，才能更好地理解土地利用类型的动态变化。利用上述模型以及LUCC的幅度、区域差异模型，深入而全面的研究了自上世纪70年代初期以来嘉陵江中下游地区14个县市区LUCC的过程。     

森林火灾后生态变化遥感监测评价模型的构建方法研究

通过攀西林区云南松林的一系列旧火烧迹地的更新恢复和生态变化的遥感调查，对各生态因子的空间分布特征及生态变化的影响规律进行分析，确定了评价因子（变量）及其评价标准，利用遥感信息，以及地形、土壤、林分和林木受害程度等要素的８个因子的模糊综合评判结果和火烧年限等为变量，通过多组数据的多元统计分析，建成森林火灾后生态变化遥感监测评价模型，经野外调查结果验证分析，达到了预期的攻关目标。为使该模型能适应森林生态遥感监测运行系统的需要，对各监测因子数据的获取、植被指数的提取等方面进行了深入的方法探索。     

用遗传神经网络分析泥石流活动性

泥石流是我国山区的主要地质灾害之一。影响泥石流活动性的因素十分复杂，并且具有随机性和模糊性。遗传神经网络结合了神经网络和遗传算法的优点，可以模拟学习和进化之间的交互作用，很适合用于分析泥石流活动性。文章简要讨论了遗传神经网络的原理，建立了泥石流活动性分析的遗传神经网络模型，并将该模型用于川藏公路沿线30条泥石流沟的活动性分析。网络的拓扑结构为(9，6，4，3)，即输入节点(评价指标)、第l隐含层、第2隐含层和输出接点(分析结果)分别为9、6、4、3。首先以其中25条泥石流沟作为样本对网络进行训练，训练时网络的连接权采用遗传算法进行自适应演化，待模型稳定后将其余5条泥石流沟的数据输入模型，计算它们的活动性，计算结果与实际观测基本相符，证明模型是可行的，各个参数的选取也是合适的。     

基于ArcIMS长江上游土地利用动态管理信息系统的设计与开发

ArcIMS是ESRI第二代基于Web的GIS平台，用于Internet及其环境中发布和共享空间数据，并提供丰富的GIS互操作功能。长江上游土地利用动态管理信息系统是基于webGIS技术，利用ArcIMS加以实现的土地资源信息分布式动态管理系统，它为长江上游土地资源信息共享提供了开放的信息空间。这里首先介绍了土地利用动态管理信息系统的设计目标，然后在此基础上阐述了系统的体系结构、开发环境、技术流程。最后对各个系统功能的实现分别作了说明。     

21世纪初中国土地利用变化的空间格局与驱动力

Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science (LCS) in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the "Grain for Green" policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of "Western Development", "Revitalization of Northeast", coupled with rapidly economic development during this period.     

土地利用与土地覆被时空动态变化分析——以岷江上游地区为例

全面、客观地反映土地动态变化有利于正确认识对土地资源的开发和利用,能为地区产业结构调整,制定可持续发展的土地管理和土地规划提供依据。多时相遥感数据已经被成功运用于研究土地变化,评估前期政策对环境和土地利用的影响^[1～5]。在遥感和GIS技术支持下,分析了岷江流域上游地区的土地利用/土地覆被状况及其1986～2000年的时空动态变化和驱动力影响。为保护该地区有限的珍贵林业资源,恢复长江上游的生态屏障作用和国土资源的有效可持续利用提供决策依据。