特殊类型脉冲星的研究进展

脉冲星是演化末期的大质量恒星经过核坍缩形成的产物,它们在天体物理学、粒子物理学和卫星导航等方面具有重要的应用。自脉冲星发现50年来,其观测和理论研究取得了巨大进展。脉冲星主要在射电波段被探测到,部分脉冲星也有X射线和γ射线等波段的辐射,它们的信息非常丰富。根据其不同的观测特征可以把脉冲星分为多种类型。主要对射电、X射线以及γ射线波段的特殊类型脉冲星,包括旋转射电暂现源、间歇脉冲星、态转换X射线脉冲星、磁星、暗X射线孤立中子星、中心致密天体以及γ射线脉冲星的基本性质及其研究进展进行综述。     

脉冲星钟模型精度分析

毫秒脉冲星具有很高的自转稳定性,利用脉冲星自转极其稳定的特性可以开展许多应用研究,如:脉冲星时间标准的建立、宇宙背景引力波的探测、X射线脉冲星导航应用等等.利用国际脉冲星计时阵(International Pulsar Timing Array,IPTA)中J0437-4715和J1713+0743 2颗源的实测数据开展脉冲星钟模型参数精度分析和脉冲到达时间(Time Of Arrival,TOA)预报精度研究.通过研究得知,目前脉冲星自转频率测量精度为10-15Hz,频率1阶导数测量精度为10~(-23)s~(-2),且自转参数测量精度随观测时间跨度每4–5 yr提高1个量级.另外,利用J0437-4715 10 yr观测数据建立的钟模型,其脉冲到达时间预报偏差4.8 yr之内可保持在1μs之内.因此,利用该脉冲星建立时间标准用于校准原子时,可以使原子时相对于地球时(Terrestrial Time,TT)的偏差在4.8 yr之内小于1μs.     

基于脉冲星计时的航天器自主定位误差估计方法

目前很多学者希望从"X射线脉冲星自主导航"的导航算法研究入手,利用数据分析或仿真进行验证.其中关于航天器自主定位的误差估计方法、误差量级和各种影响因素的讨论,并没有在给定详细初始条件的基础上系统性地说明问题.为了分析上述问题,需从天体测量学的角度出发,对自主定位的各种误差源及其影响因素进行探讨和误差量级的估计.首先,由...     

Crab脉冲星X射线计时观测数据处理与分析

对我国公开发布的空间试验卫星X射线探测器观测Crab脉冲星的数据进行了处理与分析,描述了利用X射线脉冲星观测数据与卫星轨道数据建立积分脉冲轮廓与标准脉冲轮廓的方法,给出了在频域测量脉冲星脉冲到达时刻(toa)的原理方法与算法.利用每组观测数据,计算得到Crab脉冲星脉冲toa,通过与Crab脉冲星星历预报脉冲toa的比较,分析得到卫星载荷X射线探测器观测Crab脉冲星,在消除掉系统误差后,50 min积分时间的观测精度约14μs.     

基于X射线脉冲星的航天器自主导航算法分析

脉冲星自转非常稳定,可以用作时间标准,许多脉冲星的空间位置、自行、距离、自转周期及其导数等天体测量参数和天体物理参数都能被精确测定.由于脉冲星能够同时提供时间信号和空间位置坐标,安装在航天器上的脉冲星导航系统能够实现航天器的自主导航.首先根据航天器轨道动力学方程预测航天器的位置,再通过航天器上观测的脉冲到达时间和预报的脉冲到达时间之差,应用Kalman滤波计算航天器位置估计的误差,从而对航天器的位置进行修正.最后,分析初始误差、脉冲到达时间测量精度、脉冲星个数对导航精度的影响.     

脉冲星在空间飞行器定位中的应用

利用脉冲星钟模型能高精度地预报脉冲星脉冲到达太阳系质心的时间。基于脉冲星时、空参考架可实现各类空间飞行器的自主导航。讨论了脉冲星钟的模型和脉冲星导航系统的框架结构,描述了脉冲星导航的基本原理和算法。指出脉冲星导航系统对脉冲星脉冲到达探测器时刻的测量精度,是决定空间飞行器位置解算精度的关键因素。脉冲星导航观测采用的原子钟如果足够稳定,则空间飞行器位置的解算方法可以简化。在脉冲星导航系统计时观测精度达到或优于几十微秒量级时,脉冲星视差、相对论效应的影响是不可忽略的。对脉冲星导航系统开发设计中的关键技术和进一步研究的主要问题进行了初步分析和讨论。     

用脉冲星钟作航天器时间标准

在介绍参考坐标系和时间标准的基础上,讨论了用脉冲星为航天器导航的时间标准问题。利用X射线脉冲星实现航天器自主导航,星载钟的任何误差都会直接影响航天器位置测量。脉冲星钟具有较高的长期频率稳定度,适合用作各类航天器的时间标准。重点讨论了时间标准误差对航天器定位的影响;给出了用脉冲星钟作航天器时间标准的物理实现方法。     

X射线毫秒脉冲星J0437-4715的多波段观测研究

基于澳大利亚PARKES天文台射电数据和RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)中ASM (All Sky Monitor)的X射线数据对毫秒脉冲星J0437-4715进行两个波段的研究.对J0437-4715在射电波段的观测运用TEMP02软件对不同终端系统的计时数据进行校准,提高了计时模型精度.用结构函数法,利用RXTE全天候扫描ASM的观测数据,对J0437-4715在X射线波段的光变进行中长期研究,发现它在X射线波段存在一个620 d的光变周期.     

X射线脉冲星自主导航的光传播时间方程

详细讨论了X射线脉冲星自主导航系统的广义相对论效应,采用DSX体系的后牛顿近似方法,计算出1PN度规下的光线弯曲轨迹和时间延缓以及2PN度规下的引力延缓,得到X射线脉冲自主导航的高精度测量方程.     

反常X射线脉冲星的研究进展

反常X射线脉冲星（Anomalous X-ra Pulsars，简称AXP）是一类特殊的X射线源。与X射线脉冲星（通常处于大质量X射线双星系统中）相比，它们具有以下特征：X射线谱较软、光度低页稳定（≈10^27－10^29J.s^-1）、自转周期集中在10s左右稳定增长、迄今没有找到它们的光学、红外、射电的对应体、有一些可能戌超新星遗迹成协等。由观测到的自转周期变化可以确定它们的自转能损不足以提供有X射线辐射。解释AXP能源机制的理论模型目前主要有两大类：在吸积模型中，AXP被认为具有正常磁场强度（≈10^8T）的中子量，物质吸积提供X射线辐射原能源，并造成中子星的自转变化；另一种观点认为AXP是具有超强磁场（≈10^10-10^11T）的中子量（即磁星），其辐射能源来自它们巨大的磁或残余的热能，观测到的自转周期及其变化被归因子中子星的磁偶极辐射和物质抛射。两种模型各有优缺点，但目前看来观测事实对磁星模型较为有利。为了进一步明确AXP的性质，提供解释它们能源机制的线索，在介绍AXP的基本观测特征和理论解释的基础上，还将AXP与射电脉冲星、特强磁场射电脉冲量、射电宁静脉冲星侯选体及软γ射线复现源分别进行了比较。     

Algorithm Analysis of Autonomous Navigation of Spacecraft Based on X-ray Pulsars

A pulsar has the very stable rotation and can be used as the time standard. The astrometric parameters and astrophysical parameters of many pulsars, such as the spatial position, proper motion, distance, rotation period and its derivative, etc., can be all accurately determined. Since the pulsar can provide the time signal and the coordinates of its spatial position simultaneously, the pulsar navigation system installed on a spacecraft enables the autonomous navigation of the spacecraft to be realized. Firstly, the position of the spacecraft is predicted based on the equation of orbit dynamics of the spacecraft and then the Kalman filtering is applied to calculating the estimation error of the spacecraft position through the difference between the pulse arrival time observed on the spacecraft and the predicted pulse arrival time, thereby modifying the position of the spacecraft. Finally, the effects of the initial error, measuring accuracy of the pulse arrival time and number of pulsars on the navigation accuracy are analyzed.     

毫秒脉冲星定时研究进展

毫秒脉冲星守时的理论和方法研究己取得重要进展,利用现有2颗毫秒脉冲星约10yr的计时观测资料分析得到的 TAI-PT,其长期稳定度为 2×10－14。采用合适的长期稳定度算法,由多颗毫秒脉冲星计时观测可以建立综合脉冲星时间尺度。它可以成为与原子时系统比较的重要手段,并对原子时长期稳定度的改进做出贡献。介绍了该领域研究的基本状况,重点对毫秒脉冲星守时的理论方法,综合脉冲星时间及与原子时的关系等进行了讨论和评述。对由双星系统内毫秒脉冲星的轨道运动定义的双星脉冲星时也做了介绍。     

Processing and Analysis of X-ray Timing Data for Crab Pulsartwo

The X-ray timing data for the Crab pulsar obtained by the Chinese X-ray pulsar navigation test satellite are processed and analyzed. The method to build the integrated and standard X-ray pulse profiles of the Crab pulsar by using the X-ray pulsar observation data and the satellite orbit data is described. The principle and algorithm for determining the pulsar's pulse time of arrival (toa) in the frequency domain are briefly introduced. The pulsar's pulse time of arrival is calculated by using the timing data of 50 min integration for each set of observational data. By the comparison between the observed Crab pulsar's pulse time of arrival at the solar system barycenter and that predicted with the Crab pulsar ephemeris, it is found that the timing accuracy is about 14 μs after the systematic error is removed by a quadratic polynomial fitting.     

Detectivity of Unidentified Egret Sources as Gamma-Ray Pulsars with the Magic Telescope

Most of the unidentified gamma ray sources detected near the Galactic plane by EGRET aboard CGRO are expected to be gamma ray pulsars. We present a study about the detectability and identification of some unidentified EGRET sources with the MAGIC telescope. We list some unidentified gamma ray sources from the third EGRET catalogue to be detected with MAGIC taking into account some important conditions such as the variability parameter of the source, spectral index, inclusion in the GeV catalogue (ApJ 488, 1997, p. 872) and possible associations with known X-ray/radio sources located within the error box of the unidentified gamma ray source. We show the required observation time of these gamma ray pulsar candidates to be detected by MAGIC telescope considering reasonable values of cut-off energy. To be more realistic, we have chosen the zenith angle corresponding to the source culmination in the simulation of the effective area A since the observation time is function of the effective area. In addition to this study, it is very important to consider the extrapolated EGRET flux at MAGIC energies above 30 GeV of the gamma ray pulsar candidates taking the MAGIC sensitivity.     

Analysis of the Precision of Pulsar Time Clock Modeltwo

Millisecond pulsars have a very high rotation stability, which can be applied to many research fields, such as the establishment of the pulsar time standard, the detection of gravitational wave, the spacecraft navigation by using X-ray pulsars and so on. In this paper, we employ two millisecond pulsars PSR J0437-4715 and J1713+0743, which are observed by the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA), to analyze the precision of pulsar clock parameter and the prediction accuracy of pulse time of arrival (TOA). It is found that the uncertainty of spin frequency is 10^?15 Hz, the uncertainty of the first derivative of spin frequency is 10^?23 s^?2, and the precision of measured rotational parameters increases by one order of magnitude with the accumulated observational data every 4～5 years. In addition, the errors of TOAs within 4.8 yr which are predicted by the clock model established by the 10 yr data of J0437-4715 are less than 1 μs. Therefore, one can use the pulsar time standard to calibrate the atomic clock, and make the atomic time deviate from the TT (Terrestrial Time) less than 1 μs within 4.8 yr.     

INTEGRAL observations of TeV plerions

Amongst the sources seen in very high gamma-rays several are associated with Pulsar Wind Nebulae (“TeV plerions”). The study of hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray emission is providing an important insight into the energetic particle population present in these objects. The unpulsed emission from pulsar/pulsar wind nebula systems in the energy range accessible to the INTEGRAL satellite is mainly synchrotron emission from energetic and fast cooling electrons close to their acceleration site. Our analyses of public INTEGRAL data of known TeV plerions detected by ground based Cherenkov telescopes indicate a deeper link between these TeV plerions and INTEGRAL detected pulsar wind nebulae. The newly discovered TeV plerion in the northern wing of the Kookaburra region (G313.3+0.6 powered by the middle aged PSR J1420-6048) is found to have a previously unknown INTEGRAL counterpart which is besides the Vela pulsar the only middle aged pulsar detected with INTEGRAL. We do not find an INTEGRAL counterpart of the TeV plerion associated with the X-ray PWN “Rabbit” G313.3+0.1 which is possibly powered by a young pulsar.