大气折射对大视场多目标光纤光谱观测的影响

大气折射从两个方面影响大视场多目标光纤光谱的观测：一是大气较差折射，二是由大气折射引起的大气色散．本文定量地分析了这些影响，给出其对一具有５°视场、位于北纬４０．４°的望远镜在不同纬度时影响的大小．     

大气色散对太阳多波段同步高分辨图像重建的影响

抚仙湖1 m新真空太阳望远镜(New Vacuum Solar Telescope,NVST)利用多波段成像系统对太阳光球和色球同时进行高分辨成像观测,并对观测图像进行多波段同步高分辨统计重建,以大幅度降低重建所需的计算量,并改善低信噪比波段的高分辨重建效果。大气色散是影响多波段同步高分辨重建效果的主要因素。借助多层湍流大气的模拟,通过比较不同天顶角下色散引起的波像差、相对谱比,分析了大气色散对多波段同步高分辨重建的影响。分析结果表明对于1 m太阳望远镜,当天顶角在60°以内时,色散对近红外以及波长相差不大的可见光波段的多波段同步高分辨重建的影响较小,而393.3 nm波段受色散的影响明显,天顶角超过45°时分辨率明显下降。     

一米新真空红外太阳望远镜多波段光谱仪光谱弯曲分析

在太阳长狭缝光谱观测中,光谱的狭缝方向和色散方向应该分别与CCD探测器的两个边缘平行。但实际上,由于狭缝、光栅、CCD探测器的机械安装精度等原因,会造成他们之间的位置关系不匹配,导致得到的太阳光谱总是存在一定的倾斜和变形。即使有时这些倾斜很微小,也会对太阳光谱的平场计算造成严重影响,从而影响整个光谱数据的处理过程。对抚仙湖1 m新真空红外太阳望远镜多波段光谱仪得到的一组Hα光谱数据的倾斜量做了测量和分析,并讨论了其对太阳光谱平场计算的影响。     

几颗目视双星的分光光度研究

本文利用在苏联克里米亚天文台122厘米望远镜上取得的四对目视双星:γAriAB,γAndAB,ν~1ν~2Dra 和βCygAB 的光谱片,用氢线的轮廓及等值宽度和金属线的生长曲线方法求得了它们的大气的一些物理数据,最后并对所得的结果作了筒短的讨论。本工作的目的在于利用我们有的几颗目视双星的光谱片进行分光光度测量,试图获得关于它们的大气的物理数据。但由于光谱片的色散度过小(见后文)以及星数不多,所得的结果只能看成是初步的,而且只关系到本文所提及的几对星。     

大视场长露光观测中的大气折射影响

利用给出的严格的较差大气折射计算公式,以ＬＡＭＯＳＴ为例,计算了较差大气折射对大视场长露光天文观测的影响．并与其他作者的结果进行了比较．该方法给出的是完整的较差大气折射量,与望远镜和导星方式无关．此外,还讨论了大气色散的影响,并探讨了可能的解决方法     

分光仪PSPO的光学设计

本文介绍棱镜分光光度仪PSPO的光学设计结果．PSPO以TH7832双线CCD作为系统探测器，可同时观测0．365－1.0微米波长范围内的天体及周围背景的低色散光谱．仪器的入射焦比为F／18，平均光谱分辨率约为10nm．本文简单介绍了PSPO的光学调整，并给出了波长校正实验和配备名古屋大学50公分望远镜进行试观测的结果．设计和实验结果表明，光学设计很好地满足了天文课题对仪器的设计要求，PSPO已可以应用于天文观测．     

UKST855天区的类星体巡天

我们利用Kodak IIIaF乳剂的UK Scbmidt物端棱镜光谱片对UKST 855天区进行了类星体和发射线星系巡天.选出了105个候选者,给出了入选者的坐标、估计星等、低色散光谱和证认图.对巡天方法的有效性进行了讨论.     

超新星1993J4月15日光谱的模型拟合

本文利用蒙特卡罗光谱合成方法，对１９９３年由哈勃空间望远镜和里克天文台同时得到的超新星１９９３Ｊ的紫外及光学波段的光谱，进行研究并将拟合的结果与别人的模型进行了比较。假设太阳丰度及幂律为２０左右的大气密度结构，模型可以与观测较好地符合。通过计算得到光球速度为９５００ｋｍｓ－１左右，光谱的黑体温度为７９９０Ｋ。对于强线如Ｈα及ＨｅＩλ５８７６的特殊谱线轮廓，我们发现大气结构需要是双幂律的，即光球外陡降的内层大气外面，密度变化相当平缓。内外大气的幂律近似为２０和３，交界点在１３０００ｋｍｓ－１左右。外层平缓的大气同时起到了使远紫外光谱变得像观测到的那样平滑的作用。     

超新星1993J4月15日光谱的模型拟合

本利用蒙特卡罗光谱合成方法，对１９９３年由哈勃空间望远镜和里克天台同时得到的超新星１９９３Ｊ的紫外及光学波段的光谱，进行研究并将拟合的结果与别人的模型进行了比较。假设太阳丰度及幂律为２０左右的大气密度结构，模型可以与观测较好地符合。通过计算得到光球速度为９５００ｋｍｓ＾－１左右，光谱的黑体温度为７９９０Ｋ。对于强线如Ｈα及ＨｅＩλ５８７６的特殊谱线轮廓，我们发现大气结构需要是双幂律的，即光球外     

分光仪PSP0的光学设计

本文介绍棱镜分光光度仪ＰＳＰ０的光学设计结果。ＰＳＰ０以ＴＨ７８３２双线ＣＣＤ作为系统探测器，可同时观测０．３６５－１．０微米波长范围内的天体及周转背景的低色散光谱。仪器的入射焦比为Ｆ／１８，平均光谱分辨率约为１０ｎｍ。本文简单介绍了ＰＳＰ０的光学调整，并给出了波长校正实验和配备名古屋大学５０公分望远镜进行试观测的结果。设计和实验结果表明，光学设计很好地满足了天文课题对仪器的设计要求，ＰＳＰ０已可     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

Natural superrotation of a rarefied planetary atmosphere

We consider the kinetics of a rarefied rotating planetary atmosphere. The spatial distributions of the atmospheric-gas density and mean angular velocity were determined by analyzing the exact solution of the two-dimensional kinetic equation. We show that the angular velocity of the gas at some distance from the planet could be higher than that in the initial layer starting from which the atmosphere is rarefied. Our model calculations elucidate the superrotation mechanism under consideration.