上海天文台VLBI，SLR和GPS站的归心结果与分析

本文重新处理了最近几年来利用GPS技术测定上海天文台GPS站坐标的资料，给出了GPS站相对于VLBI，SLR站的基线矢量，并与利用常规方法归心的最新结果进行了比较和,是到了IGS‘92联测中上海天文台GPS技术解算的SH01站坐标，与VLBI技术解算的结果比较，两者相差小于2.6cm，同时得到GPS技术归心的符精度好于1cm。     

中国SLR区域网定轨精度的分析

该文利用中国SLR网的实测资料,以SHORDE软件独立解算卫星的轨道和地球定向参数(EOP),并与全球SLR网解算的结果进行了比较。结果表明:中国SLR网30天弧段观测拟合轨道的中误差优于2cm。与全球SLR网解算结果相比,定轨的位置精度可优于50cm;5天弧段测定EOP的精度,Xp、Yp可优于5mas,Dr优于0.2ms。     

上海VLBI，SLR和GPS站站坐标的精密测定和精度估计

本文对作为全球地球参考系基准站的上海VLBI，SLR和GPS站的站坐标进行了仔细的分析研究，并重新精密测定了SLR，GPS站的站坐标，给出了较可靠的精度估计，澄清了IERS的综合解所给出的上海SLR站站坐标存在的问题。     

佘山1.56米望远镜与SLR望远镜旋转不动点的测量

佘山1.56米光学望远镜观测站与卫星激光测距(satellite laser ranging,SLR)观测站是进行天文地球动力学研究的重要观测站。应用这些观测站进行空间测量需要这两个观测站在空间的准确坐标。为此重点介绍了1.56米望远镜与SLR望远镜旋转不动点的观测方案和计算方法。归心结果经确认达到厘米精度,能够实施相应的观测任务。     

VLBI、SLR与时频

叙述VLBI、SLR对时频的要求,上海天文台VLBI、SLR的时频系统,并在此基础上重点介绍上海天文台有关方面的研究.     

基于NT环境实现卫星激光测距控制软件

针对上海天文台现有卫星激光测距(SLR)控制软件的不足,采用VC++在Windows XP操作系统下实现SLR控制软件。此软件具有实时性好、性能稳定、执行速度快、移植性好等优点,在上海天文台的激光测距中得到成功使用。该软件的开发可为研制高重频(kHz级)SLR控制软件提供很好的技术基础。介绍了控制软件的控制内容和实现过程。     

多种空间大地测量技术内综合方法研究及精度分析

详细地叙述了国际空间大地测量技术服务组织ILRS(International Laser Ranging Service),IVS(International VLBI Service),IGS(International GNSS Service)和IDS(International DORIS Service)分别采用SLR(satellite laser ranging),VLBI(very long baseline interferometry),GPS(global positioning system)和DORIS(Doppler orbitography and radio-positioning intergrated by satellite)四种技术,并由多家分析中心的站坐标和地球定向参数的SINEX(solution in independent exchange format)周解(或24 h观测解)进行技术内综合解算的方法,包括技术内综合模型的建立、参考架基准约束问题和不同分析中心解的定权方法等主要内容,并对ILRS,IVS,IGS和IDS提供的技术内综合周(日)解的长期序列进行了站坐标和地球定向参数(earth orientation parameters,EOP)的精度评估,分析了地球参考架基准参数的长期特性。由地球参考架基准定义可知,SLR技术内SINEX综合解相对于ITRF2014的平移参数时间跨度最长,且没有明显的偏差或漂移;GPS技术的三个方向平移参数虽然弥散度最低,但是在X方向和Y方向存在长期的线性变化,在Z方向存在跳变;DORIS技术也有类似GPS技术的现象。这些结果说明ITRF2014选择SLR定义的地心作为参考架原点是有道理的。通过分析台站坐标精度可知,利用各种技术对核心站和非核心站进行区分非常重要,所分别得到的精度有明显的不同。由于GNSS(global navigation satellite system)台站多且分布广,因此地球定向参数的确定精度要高于其他三种技术。     

无人值守GNSS方法测定射电望远镜参考点

为解决常规射电望远镜归心测量工作耗时耗力的问题,引入GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)同步监测技术实现了一种针对射电望远镜参考点的无人值守监测方法.设计了针对GNSS靶标点观测数据的归算方法,包括数据匹配、数据检核以及后续精度评估等步骤,并对2018年佘山25-m射电VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry)望远镜的GNSS靶标点实测数据开展了数据预处理、解析与归心解算等,证明了该方法的可行性.结果表明基于该方法,采用单日内部分(5%)数据(约7600个靶标点),所测定的VLBI望远镜参考点的点位形式精度可达3 mm.总结了针对射电望远镜采用GNSS开展无人值守归心测量先行试验中的一些经验教训,明确了利用该方法测量过程中应该注意的问题,为今后更高精度射电望远镜参考点无人值守归心监测提供重要参考.     

中国天文学会1985年学术讨论班(序号3):天体测量讨论会(1985年5月,上海)

受中国天文学会天文地球动力学和星表与天文常数专业委员会之托,由上海天文台具体组织的1985年度学术讨论班于5月22日至30日在上海天文台举行。各天文台站、人卫站,有关大学的天文系,以及部分测绘工作者共七十多名代表参加。讨论班以讲课形式为主,结合报告进行讨论。主题是用新技术测定地球自转参数ERP。 会上介绍了测定ERP的各种新技术:包括观测原理、仪器和台网分布、观测结果的分析处理方法以及国际地球自转联测期间所得的结果。首先介绍人卫激光测距技术SLR。报告除涉及一般原理外,还谈及我国在SLR实测方面的经验和体会。SLR资料分析原理报告不仅把国外大程序融会贯通吸收为己所用,还有所改进和创新,利用全球资料求出了     

CCD测角与激光测距技术综合测定空间目标的轨道

空间目标包括在轨卫星、空间碎片等,对其测定轨是空间攻防和空间利用的重要前提。由于地面测站资源有限,单站测量是目前对空间目标尤其是空间碎片测定轨较常用的方式。卫星激光测距(satellite laser ranging,SLR)技术测量精度很高,可达米级(非合作目标),甚至厘米级(合作目标),但不能单独用于单站短弧定轨;电荷耦合器件(charge coupled device,CCD)天文定位技术可观测距离较远的目标,但测量精度为角秒级,换算至空间距离不如SLR技术高。两者的联合为空间目标的高精度定位和跟踪提供了可能,并成为未来空间目标地基测量的发展方向。作为空间碎片单站监测的前期工作,对合作目标的单站定轨精度进行了评估。处理了1500 km高AJISAI低轨卫星的实测数据,分析了单站CCD测角和激光测距数据对低轨空间目标的联合定轨能力,并充分考虑两类不同类型观测数据的精度,数据综合时对其进行合理加权。利用全球激光站资料进行精密定轨,并以此作为参考轨道,采用上海佘山站AJISAI卫星2010年、2011年4天6圈的实测激光测距数据,以及CCD测角数据,开展了单站单圈和单站多圈定轨和预报试验。试验结果表明,测距数据的加入对定轨精度和24小时预报精度的改善非常明显,可提高至少一个数量级;单站单圈联合定轨和24小时预报的精度分别为20 m以内及数百米,单站多圈联合定轨和24小时预报的精度分别在米级及数十米。期望实验结果为中国未来的空间碎片望远镜建设提供参考。     

Some results of geodetic referring of the radio telescope and SLR stations to GPS markers in the Crimean geodynamical test area Simeiz-Katsyveli

Positions of space-geodetic instruments are calculated in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2000) by referring the instrument reference points to the local geodetic network and GPS markers. The eccentricities of the SLR stations CrAO and CLO and the permanent GPS station CrAO with respect to the reference point of the radio telescope RT-22 are determined. The local relative deformations of the Earth’s surface are presented as shifts of the instrument reference points with respect to the nearest points of the local geodetic network and with respect to each other.     

GPS应用于地球动力学研究的进展

介绍了GPS卫星系统的现代化以及IGS(International GPS Service)的最新研究成果；重点介绍了GPS技术在地球动力学研究中，包括国际地球参考架的建立与维护，固体地球形变和海平面变化的监测，科学卫星轨道的确定以及全球和中国地壳运动、地球定向参数的监测，GPS在大气研究和气象预报中的最新进展；评述了GPS技术目前存在的问题，包括与SLR测量之间存在的系统偏差、GPS技术本身可能存在的周年变化和GPS卫星天线相位中心的变化。     

The results of the third geodetic campaign in the local geodynamic test area of the MAO NAS of Ukraine

The high-precision coordinates of reference (reduction) points of stations located in the geodynamic area of the MAO NAS of Ukraine were determined in the local topocentric coordinate system. The local geodetic ties (eccentricities) between the reference points of the GPS station “Kiev/Goloseev” and satellite laser location station “Goloseev-Kiev” that are equal to 100.2358 m, ?11.0398 m, ?85.8256 m on the X, Y, Z axes, respectively, were obtained in the ITRF97 system as of the epoch 1997.0. The coordinates of the reference point of the station “Goloseev-Kiev” were determined in the ITRF97 system as of the epoch 1997.0 by adding local geodetic ties to the coordinates of the reference point of the GPS station “Kiev/Goloseev.” They were compared with the estimates of the coordinates of these stations obtained by the methods of cosmic geodesy and geodynamics. The local deformations of the geodynamic area that took place in the 1997–2006 period were estimated and the conclusion was made about the existence of certain trends with respect to the local displacements of the points of the geodynamic area of the MAO NAS of Ukraine.     

Investigation of the positional instability of reference points for the Simeiz-Katziveli collocation station

We analyze the local geodetic ties between the VLBI, LLR, and GPS reference points of the Simeiz-Katziveli collocation station. The conclusion about the instability of this geodynamic test area is confirmed. We conclude that regular, with a period of 1–2.5 years, redeterminations of the local geodetic ties at this collocation station are necessary. A linear model of the time variation in the estimates of the local geodetic ties is constructed for this test area. The estimates of the local geodetic ties are compared with the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the reference points specified in ITRF2000. We conclude that there are systematic errors in ITRF2000 related to an incorrect determination of the velocities for the reference points of the collocation station with identical DOMES numbers. We suggest assigning different DOMES numbers to the reference points of unstable geodynamic test areas. The estimates of the local geodetic ties are compared with the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the reference points obtained from individual VLBI, LLR, and GPS solutions. These were found to be in disagreement.     

无先验基准方法在SLR资料处理中的应用

SLR（satellite Laser Ranging)资料处理一般来说总是由各SLR测站构成的从标框架里进行。为了克服在SLR资料处理过程中对坐标框架的重复定义，利用全球1999年1月到12月的LAGEOS-1的SLR资料以无先验基准方法解算EOP（Earth Orientation Parameters）和所有SLR站的坐标的试验。在SLR资料处理中用无先验基准方法与GPS（Glaobal Positioning System)的不太一样，由于SLR的资料不能把SLR观测站连结成非常牢固的空间多面体（GPS的资料在每一瞬间可以拟测站联成一完整的空间多面体），因此需要加一些约束，以避免法方程出现秩亏。解得的测站从标用7参数转换到ITRF97坐标系，rms为1.3cm。EOP与IERS的eopc04序列相比，Xp、Yp、的rms分别为0.37mas、0.30mas，LOD（Length Of Day)的rmas为0.019ms。     

Weekly inter-technique combination of SLR,VLBI,GPS and DORIS at the solution level

Constructing and maintaining a stable terrestrial reference frame(TRF) is one of the key objectives of fundamental astronomy and geodesy. The datum realization for all the global TRF versions,such as ITRF2014 and its predecessor ITRF2008, assumes linear time evolution for transformation parameters and then imposes some conditions on these Helmert transformation parameters. In this paper,we investigate a new approach, which is based on weekly estimation of station positions and Helmert transformation parameters from a combination of the solutions of four space-geodetic techniques, i.e.,Satellite Laser Ranging(SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI), Global Positioning System(GPS) and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite(DORIS). For this study,an interval of one week is chosen because the arc length of the SLR solutions is seven days. The major advantage of this weekly estimated reference frame is that both the non-linear station motions and the non-linear origin motion are implicitly taken into account. In order to study the non-linear behavior of station motions and physical parameters, ITRF2008 is used as a reference. As for datum definition of weekly reference frame, on one hand SLR is the unique technique to realize the origin and determine the scale together with VLBI, and on the other hand the orientation is realized via no net rotation with respect to ITRF2005 on a subset of core stations. Given the fact that without enough collocations an inter-technique combined TRF could not exist, the selection and relative weight of local ties surveyed at co-location sites are critical issues. To get stable results, we first assume that, if there were no events such as equipment changes between the measurement epoch of the local tie and that of the spacegeodetic solution, the relative position between the two co-located stations should be invariant and this local tie could be used for computing the inter-technique combined reference frame in those weeks during the stable period of this tie. The resulting time series of both station positions and transformation parameters are studied in detail and are compared with ITRF2008. The residual station positions in the weekly combined reference frame are usually in the range of two millimeters without any periodic characteristic, but the residual station positions, when subtracting the regularized station position in ITRF2008, may reach a magnitude of a few centimeters and seem to have a significant annual signal.The physical parameter series between the weekly reference frame and ITRF2008 also show the obvious existence of an annual signal and reach a magnitude of one centimeter for origin motion and two parts per billion(ppb) for scale.     

LAGEOS卫星精密定轨及残差分析

介绍LAGEOS卫星用卫星激光测距(SLR)资料精密定轨和在精密定轨基础上的残差分析处理．SLR资料的分析处理方法、采用的力学模型和解参数的多少根据目标的不同而不同．对不同的方案进行了详细分析、比较．其关键是对LAGEOS卫星进行精密定轨．得出了目前上海天文台在SLR资料的分析处理中已采用的解算模式．作为例证，该解算模式分析处理了1998年12月31日至1999年6月29日LAGEOS卫星的SLR资料，得到每3天一个弧段的精密轨道．结果显示每3天一个弧段的定轨残差rms都小于2厘米．上海天文台从1999年10月1日开始了全球LAGEOS—l和LAGEOS—2资料的快速分析服务，结果可从APSG的网址：http：／／center．shao．ac．cn／APSG／result获得．     

乌鲁木齐天文站南山GPS跟踪站的地心坐标精确测定

利用GAMIT软件 ,采用有基准算法对乌鲁木齐南山观测基地新建GPS跟踪站GUAO的观测资料进行了归算 ,结果表明该站观测资料的质量是可靠的 ,并首次获得了该站在ITRF2 0 0 0中毫米级精度的地心坐标     

卫星激光测距望远镜的指向改正

介绍激光测距望远镜全天区指向改正的实施方法及改正效果。通过实测的恒星指向误差数据,利用经优化的机架模型,对望远镜的全天区指向进行实时改正,基本达到了全天区白天激光测距的指向要求。     

Optical Monitoring of 3C 66A in 1994–2008

3C 66A is one of the most interesting blazar. Our monitoring was carried out with a 1.56-m telescope of the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) from 13 December 1994 to 9 November 2008. Some peaks and gradual brightening of the source up to three times were observed.