活动星系核中的喷流形成

对活动星系核中的喷流加速机制、观测特征有目前研究近况进行了评述。磁场在喷流加速过程中起重要作用，对磁场加速喷流模型中喷流加速区域的大小进行了估计。比较了不同的磁场加速喷流模型，并讨论了有序吸积盘磁场的形成与维持过程。简要地评述了活动星系核中吸积盘与喷流存在内在联系的观测证据，及中央黑洞与活动星系核的射电辐射特征的关系。     

视超光速运动与加速模型

用相对论加速喷流模型对４８个具有视超光速的射电源进行了分析，结果不但支持流行的喷流模型而且说明加速模型是合理的。     

射电展源与喷流现象

近年来宇宙喷流现象的普遍发现,对于展源形成的束模型给予了很大的支持。在此模型的理论框架下,主要传能机制是通过从星系中心喷射出的气流。根据这一模型,本文介绍了对喷流的能源,扩张,热斑形成和喷流弯曲等问题的研究情况;并从观测角度介绍了对展源性质的统计分析和喷流的一些观测性质。尽管喷流的物理状态还不很清楚,但不少观测事实显示着喷流中磁流体动力学不稳定性的存在。这种不稳定性并不总使喷流瓦解,但能够改变喷流的形态,并通过对非热粒子的加速,增强喷流的光度。近几年来对喷流中不稳定性的研究所取得的较大进展,加深了我们对展源形成的理解。     

BLO0716＋71非热辐射的喷流模型：从射电到γ射线

本文探讨用相对论喷流模型解释ＢＬ Ｌａｃ天体０７１６＋７１从射电到γ射线的整修电磁波段的非热辐射。喷流的结构分两个区域描述：内区具有抛物线结构，喷流是加速的；外区具有圆锥形结构，喷流速度恒定。相对论电子的密度和最高能量，以及磁场等参数随距离向外按幂律下降。在此模型中，射电至紫外线起源于相对论电子的同步辐射，而高能的Ｘ射线和γ射线则起源于自康普顿散射。辐射的频率越高，产生区域越靠近中央能源机器。辐射     

活动星系核的喷流

本文首先对由活动星系核中发出的喷流的研究历史和观测特征作了概括介绍。然后着重评述关于喷流的产生(即最初的加速和准直机制)的两类基本模型。辐射压支持的流体厚吸积盘模型已经得到比较多的研究,看来存在一些难以解决的问题。电磁流体吸积盘模型似乎更有吸引力,但还需要大量的工作进一步详细探讨。     

由对FRⅡ射电星系的X射线观测试预言射电噪活动星系核的X射线喷流

在早期的文章中,基于耀变体(Blazar)的知识,我们预言了在射电噪活动星系核(AGN)中心10 kpc范围内X射线喷流的存在.钱得拉(Chandra)卫星最近对低功率射电星系的X射线观测与我们的预言相一致.在本文中我们研究了kpc尺度喷流中的电子加速,并建议通过对强的FR Ⅱ射电星系中所预言的X射线喷流的钱得拉卫星的X射线的观测,来研究红的耀变体中的康普顿冷却以及在内部致密喷流和大尺度延伸喷流间环境的不同.以上的研究可以进一步检验我们的关于射电噪活动星系核中kpc尺度X射线喷流的模型.     

射电喷流中的物理条件和相对论电子的磁流体湍流再加速

根据几个低光度射电星系中的射电喷流的观测特性及内部物理条件,讨论了相对论电子的再加速,假定加速机制为费米型,我们得到射电喷流内的加速系数为～10~(-15)秒~(-1),从而可以较好地解释喷流的射电亮度分布和频谱特性。进一步讨论了磁流体力学湍流提供加速的可能性,并表明湍流的能谱指数应限制在窄的范围内(v～1.6—1.7)。     

由对FRⅡ射电星系的X射线观测试预言射电噪活动星系核的X射线喷流

在早期的文章中，基于耀变体（Blazar)的知识，我们预言了在射电噪活动星系核（AGN）中心10kpc范围内X射线喷流的存在。钱得拉（Chandra)卫星最近对低功率射电星系的X射线观测与我们的预言相一致。在本文中我们研究了kpc尺度喷流中的电子加速，并建议通过对强的FRⅡ射电星系中所预言的X射线喷流的钱得拉卫星的X射线的观测，来研究红的耀变体中的康普顿冷却以及在内部致密喷流和大尺度延伸喷流间环境的不同。以上的研究可以进一步检验我们的关于射电噪活动星系核中kpc尺度X射线喷流的模型。     

Blazars的聚束效应

本文对blazars的聚束效应及相关的理论作了较全面的综述 ,指出了一些有待进一步探讨的问题和需要进一步完善的理论 ,并对其中几个具体问题进行研究 ,得到了一些新结果。第一章简单介绍了活动星系核的特征、分类及其标准模型。第二章综述了blazars的基本性质 ,对blazars的谱特征、高光度、高偏振、激烈光变、超光速现象和高能辐射等作了介绍。第三章介绍了相对论喷流模型 ,以及利用相对论喷流模型解释blazars的极端观测特性 ,如用相对论喷流模型从理论上解释了blazars的高光度、剧烈光变及高能量转换率 ,偏振方向的快速变化 ,超光速现象 ,发射线和高能辐射等观测特性。同时介绍了喷流具有相对论性的观测证据并重点介绍了喷流的加速和减速两个理论模型。第四章是聚束效应的几项具体研究工作 ,首先分析了 2 8个BLLac天体 ,2 4个核优势高偏振类星体 ,2 9个核优势低偏振类星体 ,以及 1 1个瓣优势低偏振类星体的射电和光学流量 ,证实具有相对论喷流的AGNs的Doppler提升效应确实存在 ,且很明显 ,光学和射电是高度聚束的。最小光变时标是一个及其重要的物理理 ,短时标光变能给人们提供大量的信息。但最小光变时标一般是在不同波段探测到的。利用加速模型 ,我们从理论上导出了一个联系各波段最小光变时标的公式 ,     

非均匀喷流模型及其在BL Lac天体中的应用

在非均匀锥形喷流模型中,电子数密度、磁场强度随着到喷流顶点的距离呈幂律分布.该模型能成功解释活动星系核喷流核心区域的平谱射电辐射,但已有的模型计算只适用于喷流运动方向与视线夹角很大的情况,所以需要建立适用于任何视角情况的非均匀锥形喷流辐射计算公式.普遍认为BL Lac天体中喷流的运动方向与视线夹角很小,推广后的非均匀喷流模型拟合了3个BL Lac天体的射电观测谱,确定了它们喷流中电子数密度、磁场强度等物理参数.研究结果表明观测辐射谱拐折频率确定出锥形喷流离黑洞最近距离,对于这3个BL Lac天体,它们的锥形喷流离黑洞最近距离约为Schwarzschild半径.     

视超光速源中喷流子源间相互超越的可能性

本文从相对论射束模型出发，推导出超光速源中两喷流子源相互超越的可能性和超越时间，并以实际例子加以验证。     

视超光速源的统计分析

本文收集了视超光速源样本的有关观测数据，在同步加速自康普顿散射机制下导出了各源的多普勒因子，再利用视超光速源的相对论射束模型计算样本源的有关物理量，如射电光度和亮温度，并与它们的观测值作直接的比较，得到较好的相关结果。这些结果支持了活动星系核中具有相对论射束运动的假设。同时我们比较了样本源的射电、光学、Ｘ射线的发现它们之间有一定的相关性，说明在不同波段上的辐射机制可能存在某种联系。     

Structural asymmetries, relativistic beaming and orientation effects in Lobe-Dominated Quasars

We have examined statistically, structural asymmetries and simple relativistic beaming/source orientation in a sample of Lobe-Dominated Quasars (LDQs) using the source size D as orientation parameter; relative core strength R as beaming parameter; arm-length ratio Q, apparent flux ratio R ^?, and bending angle Φ as asymmetric parameters. Our result for Q>1.5, based on the median value data is inconsistent with beaming scenario, where we expect stronger negative correlation for more asymmetric sources, between our beaming parameter R and orientation parameter D than for less asymmetric sources Q≤1.5. This observation indicates that structural asymmetries may depend more on intrinsic factors than beaming. Our kinematic asymmetric model of extra galactic radio sources suggests that larger (possibly older) sources are less asymmetric, which may be interpreted to be indicative of other factors other than beaming as responsible for the observed asymmetries in radio sources.     

BL Lac天体和FR-I射电星系的统一模型(Ⅰ)

从射电结构的角度评述了BLLac天体和FR-I射电星系的统一模型的最新进展，内容包括射电结构、延展射电光度（Pext）、最大角尺度（LAS）、射电核主导系数（f）的比较以及对相对论聚束的测试。最新的射电观测资料表明XBLs是介于FR-I和RBLs之间的过渡型天体，这为BLLac天体是聚束的FR-I射电星系提供了一个很好的证据。     

Multipoint Observations of Solar Type III Radio Bursts from STEREO and Wind

The twin STEREO and the Wind spacecraft make remote multipoint measurements of interplanetary radio sources of solar origin from widely separated vantage points. One year after launch, the angular separation between the STEREO spacecraft reached 45°, which was ideal for locating solar type III radio sources in the heliosphere by three-spacecraft triangulation measurements from STEREO and Wind. These triangulated source locations enable intrinsic properties of the radio source, such as its beaming characteristics, to be deduced. We present the first three-point measurements of the beaming characteristics for two solar type III radio bursts that were simultaneously observed by the three spacecraft in December of 2007 and in January of 2008. These analyses suggest that individual type III bursts exhibit a wide beaming pattern that is approximately beamed along the direction tangent to the Parker spiral magnetic field line at the source location.     

Blazars天体喷流光度和非成束光度的比值(英文)

根据聚束模型 ,利用 3 8个超光速射电源数据 ,估计他们的喷流光度和非成束光度的比值 .平均结果为     

视超光速运动的相对论超光速模型

从相对论出发，在视超光速源质心相对于观测者静止的条件下，推导出两个向相反方向运动的视超光速子源之间的视速度方程，这一方程包含了相对论射束模型的表现横向速度公式，且对高、低速不同条件均为适用。     

On-axis orphan afterglows

In many GRB inner engine models the highly relativistic GRB jets are engulfed by slower moving matter. This could result in different beaming for the prompt γ-ray emission and for the lower energy afterglow. In this case we should expect that some observer will see on-axis orphan afterglows: X-ray, optical and radio afterglows within the initial relativistic ejecta with no preceding GRB; the prompt γ-ray emission is pointing elsewhere. We show that the observations of the WFC on BeppoSAX constrain with high certainty the prompt X-ray beaming factor to be less than twice the prompt γ-ray beaming. The results of Ariel 5 are consistent with this interpretation. The RASS from ROSAT and HEAO-1 constrain the X-ray beaming factor at 400 and 20 min after the burst, respectively, to be comparable and certainly not much larger than the γ-ray beaming factor. There is no direct limit on the optical beaming. However, we show that observations of several months with existing hardware could result in a useful limit on the optical beaming factor of GRB afterglows.     

Lead angles and emitting electron energies of Io-controlled decameter radio arcs

The Io-controlled radio arcs are emissions in the decametric radio range which appear arc shaped in the time-frequency plane. Their occurrence is controlled by Io's position, so it has been for long inferred that they are powered by the Io-Jupiter electrodynamic interaction. Their frequency ranges correspond to the electron cyclotron frequencies along the Io Flux tube, so they are expected to be generated by cyclotron maser instability (CMI). The arc shape was proposed to be a consequence of the strong anisotropy of the decametric radio emissions beaming, combined with the topology of the magnetic field in the source and the observation geometry. Recent papers succeeded at reproducing the morphologies of a few typical radio arcs by modeling in three dimensions the observation geometry, using the best available magnetic field model and a beaming angle variation consistent with a loss-cone driven CMI. In the continuation of these studies, we present here the systematic modeling of a larger number of observations of the radio arcs emitted in Jupiter's southern hemisphere (including multiple arcs or arcs exhibiting abrupt changes of shape), which permits to obtain a statistical determination of the emitting field line localization (lead angle) relative to the instantaneous Io field line, and of the emitting particle velocities or energies. Variations of these parameters relative to Io's longitude are also measured and compared to the location of the UV footprints of the Io-Jupiter interaction. It is shown that the data are better organized in a reference frame attached to the UV spot resulting from the main Alfvén wing resulting from the Io-Jupiter interaction. It is proposed that the radio arcs are related to the first reflected Alfvén wing rather than to the main one.     

A model for the coherent emission of solar radio moving type IV bursts

A theoretical model is proposed for interpreting the coherent emissionmechanism of solar radio moving type IV bursts. Energetic electrons produced in flares captured by an expanding and rising magnetic flux tube exhibit a beam-like distribution of velocities on the top of the flux tube. These excite beaming plasma instability and directly amplifies O-mode electromagnetic waves. The instability growth rate sensitively depends on the coronal plasma parameter, ƒ_pe/ƒ_ce and the beam-temperature T_b. This can qualitatively explain the high brightness temperature and high degree of polarization as well as the broad spectrum observed in this type of solar radio bursts.