斜轴式天文望远镜运动特性研究

相对于传统地平式或赤道式望远镜,斜轴式天文望远镜因其独特的机架结构形式更加适应例如南极等的极端台址环境.但由于这种望远镜形式的应用较少,针对其运动特性的研究还比较缺乏.首先详细讨论了斜轴式望远镜的优缺点,推导了斜轴坐标系与地平和赤道坐标系之间的坐标变换关系,在此基础上研究了斜轴式望远镜在进行恒星跟踪时的运动特性,并与地平式望远镜进行了比较.另外,还研究了斜轴式望远镜的像场旋转特性,并分析了像旋对望远镜天线全息测量的影响.最后,还针对斜轴式望远镜的特点,推导了一套包含7个误差项的指向误差改正模型.     

基于光学辅助指向测量的太赫兹望远镜指向误差模型研究

针对太赫兹波段天文点源目标较少, 指向测量相对困难的特点, 研究了利用与太赫兹天线共轴的小型光学望远镜来辅助太赫兹望远镜指向测量以及建立指向误差修正模型的方法. 依托紫金山天文台1.2 m斜轴式太赫兹天线开展了光学辅助指向测量的实验研究, 利用一台安装在天线背架上的100mm口径折射式光学望远镜获得了优于2$''$的指向测量精度. 此外, 通过对斜轴天线的结构分析以及大气折射和本地恒星时(Local Sidereal Time, LST)偏差等误差来源的分析, 建立了包含23个误差项的斜轴式光学指向修正模型, 实现了约3$''$的拟合精度. 最后, 借助高精度数字摄影测量对光电轴一致性进行了标定, 并针对其对指向模型精度的影响进行了讨论. 研究成果将为南极5 m太赫兹望远镜(The 5m Dome A Terahertz Explorer, DATE5)及其他太赫兹望远镜提供指向测量和指向修正模型方面的技术参考.     

斜轴式太赫兹天线的卡焦近场全息测量研究

天线反射面的面形精度直接影响天线效率, 是望远镜的关键指标之一. 近场射电全息具有测量精度高, 便捷高效的优点, 是毫米波和亚毫米波射电望远镜面形检测最为常用的方法之一, 卡焦近场全息可以完整测量望远镜光路中整体的面形误差. 斜轴式机架结构能够更好地适应太赫兹望远镜在极端台址环境下的整体保温和热控需求, 但斜轴天线特殊的转动特性会在近场全息测量过程中引入额外的系统误差. 针对斜轴式天线的卡焦近场全息测量, 分析了数据处理中需要额外考虑的参考路接收机位置和副面衍射的影响, 并在1.2m口径斜轴式太赫兹天线上开展了测量实验. 实验结果表明, 卡焦近场全息测量的重复测量精度优于2.0μm RMS (Root Mean Square), 面形误差分布与摄影测量所得结果一致, 验证了误差分析与修正的正确性.     

阵列接收系统的噪声温度分析

针对射电天文抗干扰技术对于射电天文观测设备灵敏度的影响,分析了评估自适应波束形成技术对阵列接收系统的噪声温度影响.首先通过噪声信号模型,获取了影响系统噪声温度变化的参数,并在此基础上研究了天线增益、接收机增益和耦合性等系统参数的不确定性对于噪声温度的影响,最后利用仿真实验分析了理想系统条件下当前主要的自适应波束形成算法对于系统噪声温度的影响.结果表明基于自适应波束形成的抗干扰方法在天文信号源和干扰信号源重合的情况下已不再适用.     

基于无线触屏平台的阵列式望远镜控制系统

地基广角相机阵(Ground-based Wide Angle Cameras,简称GWAC)是中法合作SVOM(Space Variable Objects Monitor,空间多波段变源监视器)天文卫星的地基观测设备,Mini-GWAC是其预研和补充设备.针对Mini-GWAC望远镜阵列,介绍了一种基于无线触屏平台进行操控的阵列式望远镜控制系统的设计与实现.从控制系统原理、系统硬件结构、软件设计、实验和测试等方面展开,详细叙述了该系统的开发及实现过程.该系统以基于Win CE系统的触控一体机为上位机,无线收发模块和可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)为核心,具有低成本、数据传输可靠、操作简单等优点,并较好地实现了在Mini-GWAC阵列式望远镜上的应用.     

采用光学指向系统建立天马13m望远镜指向模型

描述了采用光学望远镜辅助天马13m射电望远镜进行指向测量以及建立指向误差修正模型的方法. 对于小口径望远镜, 指向校准目标源比较少, 用射电法建立指向模型难以覆盖全天区. 利用上海天文台天马13m射 电望远镜进行光学望远镜辅助射电望远镜指向测量研究, 在13m天线背架上安装一套光学指向系统, 获得了优 于3''的重复测量误差. 此外, 通过对影响天线指向因素的分析, 建立了包含8个误差项的指向误差修正模型以及 光轴和电轴偏差模型. 将指向模型代入天线伺服控制系统, 对校准目标射电源进行十字扫描, 得到指向样本残差约 为5''. 该研究可以为实现高精度指向建模提供一种参考方法.     

1m红外太阳望远镜光电导行系统的反馈控制分析

我国正在研制中的1m红外太阳望远镜是目前国内唯一的地平式真空太阳塔,主要用于活动区磁场的精细光谱分析和太阳活动区磁场的时空精细结构研究.要求望远镜必须长时间高精度跟踪太阳(0.3"/30s、1"/10min)才能实现它的科学目标.光电导行是实现望远镜高精度跟踪观测目标的关键控制技术,通过检测观测目标像在图像传感器上的移动量作为反馈控制信号对望远镜实行闭环控制.首先建立了光电导行系统的控制系统模型,然后分析了系统的稳定性能、暂态性能、时域特性、频域特性及跟踪性能,并采用PID控制器对系统进行优化设计,以提高光电导行反馈控制系统的稳定性和跟踪精度.通过计算机仿真设计,采用PID控制算法能实现1m红外太阳望远镜的跟踪要求.     

基于线性数据重构的天线动力学模型辨识方法

射电望远镜天线伺服控制系统中的非线性特性, 对系统动力学特性辨识有着显著的影响, 会提高辨识难度, 增加辨识模型的复杂程度. 系统非线性特性的测量与补偿也会增加系统辨识工作量. 针对上述问题, 提出了一种基于非线性采样数据的线性重构方法, 用于动力学特性建模. 通过提取原采样数据的相位与幅值, 对受到噪声与非线性畸变影响的系统采样数据进行线性重构, 降低待辨识模型的复杂度. 搭建了半实物实验平台, 以平台实际采样为基础, 重构线性数据, 利用奇异值法与自回归神经网络评估并辨识平台动力学模型. 实验结果表明, 建模数据奇异值拐点从100阶下降至40阶, 仅用10个神经网络节点200次训练即实现了模型辨识.     

极大望远镜桁架式镜筒设计及优化

极大望远镜由于其口径大、焦比快的特点,与大、中、小型望远镜相比在镜筒设计上有更高的位置精度和动力学要求.为了设计满足要求的极大望远镜镜筒,保证极大望远镜成像质量,根据中国极大望远镜的镜筒设计参数与要求设计了笼式镜筒和脚架镜筒.通过对比评估,确定最优方案,并对最优方案进行优化.经过分析优化,极大望远镜的镜筒采用脚架结构,主副镜轴向最大相对位移1.61 mm,径向最大相对位移4.58 mm,最大相对偏转角1.29′,镜筒固有频率4.21 Hz,满足设计要求.首次针对极大望远镜设计满足要求的全钢材脚架式镜筒,为极大望远镜,焦比快的望远镜在这方面的工作提供了技术储备.     

1 m红外太阳望远镜狭缝扫描控制系统的分析

1m红外太阳望远镜是地平式望远镜,其工作视场是3'×3'.为了得到像斑的二维光谱,需要做狭缝扫描.本文介绍了狭缝扫描控制系统的整体结构,根据望远镜的光路系统进行数学分析,说明了狭缝扫描控制系统的可行性,并指出了一些参数对系统的影响.     

采用VC + + 的射电望远镜控制软件在Windows XP下的设计和实现

射电望远镜控制软件的主要功能是控制射电望远镜精确、实时的跟踪指定目标,本文介绍了Windows XP系统下基于Visual C 的射电望远镜控制软件的设计,重点叙述了软件的功能、通信方式、图形界面的实现[2]。     

Adapted Fuzzy Controller for Astronomical Telescope Tracking

This paper presents a novel application of fuzzy logic (FL) controller driven by an adaptive fuzzy set (AFS) for position tracking of the telescope driven by electric motor. Also, the proposed FL controller, driven by AFS, is compared with a classical FL control, driven by a static fuzzy set (SFS). Both FL controllers algorithm use the position error and its rate of change as an input vector. The mathematical model of the telescope driven by electric motor is highly nonlinear differential equations. Therefore the use of the artificial intelligent controller, such as FL is much better than the conventional controller, to cover a wide range of operating conditions. So, the output of FL control is utilized to force the electric drives, of the telescope, to satisfy a perfect matching of the predefined desired position of the telescope arms. Both of FL controllers, using AFS and SFS, are simulated and tested when the system is subjected to a step change in reference value. In addition, these simulation results are compared with the conventional Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller, driven by fixed gain. The proposed FL, using an adaptive fuzzy set, improve the dynamic response of the overall system by improving the damping coefficient and decreasing the rise time and settling time compared with other two controllers.     

Study on the pointing model of a slant-axis terahertz antenna

This paper describes the establishment and verification of an accurate pointing model for a1.2 m aperture slant-axis terahertz antenna. A new analytical pointing model for the slant-axis antenna is presented based on an analogy to that of the alt-azimuth antennas. Furthermore, extra error terms are added to the pointing model based on the structure and mechanical analysis of the slant-axis antenna. To verify the pointing model experimentally, a pointing error measurement method based on photogrammetric techniques is proposed. Using this method, pointing behaviors of the antenna are accurately measured without the aid of astronomical observations, and major sources of the pointing errors are measured individually by photogrammetry and their respective coefficients are compared with those in the analytical pointing model.The results show that an extended pointing model consisting 21 error terms can significantly reduce the residual systematic errors compared with the traditional model, more details are given in the following sections.     

Acceleration feedback of a current-following synchronized control algorithm for telescope elevation axis

This paper proposes a dual-motor configuration to enhance closed-loop performance of a telescope control system. Two identical motors are mounted on each side of a U-type frame to drive the telescope elevation axis instead of a single motor drive, which is usually used in a classical design. This new configuration and mechanism can reduce the motor to half the size used in the former design, and it also provides some other advantages. A master-slave current control mode is employed to synchronize the two motors. Acceleration feedback control is utilized to further enhance the servo performance. Extensive experiments are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm in synchronization, disturbance attenuation and low-velocity tracking.     

Nonlinear adaptive observer-based sliding mode control for LAMOST mount driving

Heavy disturbances caused mainly by wind and friction in the mount drive system greatly impair the pointing accuracy of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST).To overcome this negative effect,a third order Higher Order Sliding Mode (HOSM) controller is proposed.The key part of this approach is to design an appropriate observer which obtains the acceleration state.A nonlinear adaptive observer is proposed in which a novel polynomial model is applied to estimate the internal di...     

Drive-Control System for the TACTIC Gamma-Ray Telescope

A PC-based drive-control system has been developed for the altitude-azimuth mounted TACTIC -ray telescope to control the speed and direction of motion of its 2-axes. Details of various hardware components chosen for the telescope, including hybrid-stepper motor, 16-bit absolute encoder and CAMAC-based programmable stepper motor controller, are discussed in this paper. The telescope-control strategy, based on the position-loop with a proportional type control for the source-seek mode and the on/off type control for the tracking mode, is explained in detail. Some important performance features of the telescope, including its blind-spot size, drive-system backlash and encoder-error compensation, are also presented. The drive system has been extensively field-tested and has been operating satisfactorily during observation campaigns carried out since March 1997 with the TACTIC Imaging Element. A tracking accuracy of ±3 arc-minutes has been achieved. A test report of its performance, with regard to its tracking accuracy on the basis of successful detection of TeV -rays from the active galaxy Markarian 501 in April–May 1997, is also presented.     

用于2.4m望远镜的网络气象站

在进行天文观测时,天气因素的影响是很大的,为适应天文观测技术发展的要求,在2.4m镜附近需要建立一个网络气象站,一方面可以对天气状况实时监测,另一方面其他设备可以从网上查询并使用这些数据,以满足2.4m望远镜必须要有气象状况输入才能正常地在RoboticMode下工作的要求。文中介绍了1 wirenet气象站的原理以及软硬件设计。     

Dynamics and Control for a Small Telescope

Our main goal is to determine the dynamic equations of a certain complex system, as is the case of the mechanical system for a small aperture telescope. Causes of this complexity are: the lack of documents about the operation of the elements belonging to the system, and the variation of dynamics with respect to the time and the position of the telescope. To check that we have obtained a valid set of dynamic equations, we will design a computer control system that will implement a self-guide system for the telescope. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于自回归滑动平均模型的大口径天线风速预测方法

针对大口径、高性能射电望远镜天线受到的随机及时变风扰的问题, 利用自回归滑动平均模型预测望远镜周围风速, 提前计算风致结构变形量, 同时为望远镜伺服控制系统提供足够执行时间来降低风扰影响. 基于新疆奇台110m口径全向可动射电望远镜(QiTai Telescope, QTT)台址风场数据特征, 通过赤池信息准则和贝叶斯信息准则辨识模型阶次, 利用最大似然法估计模型参数, 分析模型残差特性以检验自回归滑动平均模型的有效性. 通过计算不同季度预测数据与测试数据偏差得到预测模型的精度, 夏季平均绝对误差为0.133mcdots^-1, 秋季平均绝对误差为0.162mcdots^-1, 冬季平均绝对误差为0.287mcdots^-1. 整体来看, 基于QTT台址不同季度风速数据建立的自回归滑动平均模型预测误差较小, 满足射电望远镜风扰控制系统的需求, 能为大口径射电望远镜风扰控制提供必要数据支撑.     

ASO-S卫星基于太阳导行镜的高精度高稳定度姿态控制系统

先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星姿控分系统的主要任务是实现高精度、高稳定度对日指向控制. ASO-S卫星的科学载荷中,白光望远镜(White-light Solar Telescope, WST)前端配置了太阳导行镜(Guide Telescope, GT)稳像系统,利用正交分布光电二极管组成的边缘探测器测量导行镜光轴与太阳中心的偏差角.提出了一种将GT测量值引入姿态控制闭环的控制方法:利用星敏陀螺定姿算法获得卫星-太阳方向姿态偏差, GT测量值确定非卫星-太阳方向姿态偏差;以4斜装反作用轮组为执行机构,进行三轴零动量稳定姿态控制.通过数学仿真验证,基于GT测量值的姿态控制器在非卫星-太阳方向的绝对指向精度优于2′′、相对姿态稳定度优于1′′/60 s,满足ASO-S卫星高精度高稳定度的对日指向要求.