吸积盘边缘的质量和角动量损失与激变双星的演化

本给出了计算吸积盘边缘物质和角动量损失，以及它们对激变双星演化影响的理论模型。计算结果表明，紫外天卫星（ＩＵＥ）观测到的高速物质流是来源于吸积盘边缘，吸积盘边缘的角动量损失可以成为周期大于３小时的激变双星演化的物理机制。     

激变双星的角动量损失机制和演化

本详细研究了激变双星系统的演化，发现磁制动机制导致的角动量损失要求星风的量级为１０＾－１１—１０＾－１２Ｍ⊙ｙｒ＾－１，这比太阳风强１０＾２－１０＾３倍，表明磁星风机制失效。作认为驱动双星系统演化的角动量损失是由来自致密星的吸积盘外边缘的物质溢出的惯性离心力所致。     

激变双星的角动量损失机制和演化

本文详细研究了激变双星系统的演化，发现磁制动机制导致的角动量损失要求星风的量级为１０￣（－１１）－１０￣（－１２）Ｍ＿⊙ｙｒ￣－１，这比太阳风强１０￣２－１０￣３倍，表明磁星风机制失效，作者认为驱动双星系统演化的角动量损失是由来自致密星的吸积盘外边缘物质溢出的惯性离心力所致。     

激变双星的磁滞效应

本文研究了激变双星中较冷次星的星风在磁场耦合作用下造成的角动量损失，以及对激变双星演化的影响。本文特别注意到双星成员的星风物质损失和角动量损失应该与单星情况明显不同，这就是：双星成员的星风物质损失受到潮汐效应和系统自转效应的影响而增大，同时双星成员的角动量是由轨道角动量和自转角动量所组成，并且轨道角动量远大于自转角动量。研究结果表明，由于次星的星风物质损失率很小，星风的速度也不大，因而磁滞效应造成的角动量损失极小，不能成为驱动周期大于３小时的激变双星演化的机制。     

激变双星的磁滞效应

本研究了激变双星中较冷次星的星风在磁场耦合作用下造成的角动量损失，以及对激变双星演化的影响。本特别注意到双星成员的星风物质损失和角动量损失应该与单星情况明显不同，这就是：双星成员的星风物质损失受到潮汐效应和系统自转效应的影响而增大，同时双星成员的角动量是由轨道角动量和自转角动量所组成，并且轨道角动量远大于自转角动量。研究结果表明，由于次星的星风物质损失率很小，星风的速度也不大，因而磁滞效应造成     

激变变星

激变变星是密近双星系统,包含一颗白矮星主星和一颗晚型星伴星。晚型星伴星充满了其Roche瓣,并向主星转移物质,在主星周围形成一个吸积盘。这类双星对于我们认识吸积过程、密近双星的演化等是相当重要的。本文主要从实测角度综述激变变星研究的现状,并讨论一些尚待解决的问题。     

X射线双星的形成与演化

<正>X射线双星是包含一颗吸积致密星(黑洞、中子星或者白矮星)的双星系统,是宇宙中的重要天体.对它们的研究不仅可以帮助人们理解双星演化、吸积盘和致密星物理,而且也有助于对星系的形成和演化历史甚至宇宙学模型的认识.本文的目的是讨论X射线双星的形成和演化过程,涉及到Be/X射线双星、低质量X射线双星、极亮X射线源和激变变星.第1章我们简要介绍了双星演化的相关知识.     

钡星系统轨道根数分布及丰度的Monte-Carlo模拟计算

采用星风质量吸积的角动量守恒模型，用Monte—Carlo方法研究了普通红巨星双星系统和钡星的轨道根数的变化规律，由于钡星系统是由普通红巨星双星系统演化而来，因此钡星系统的轨道偏心率及周期的分布显示了经过质量吸积后双星系统的最终轨道特征。计算结果表明，随着星风吸积过程的进行，在星风质量损失阶段系统轨道半长轴将增大，导致轨道周期增大，而偏心率变化不大，由此可以解释普通红巨星双星系统和钡星系统的轨道根数的分布规律和变化情况以及钡星重元素丰度分布特征。     

Blandford-Znajek过程对黑洞吸积盘演化的影响

本文详细讨论了在Blandford－Znajek过程中吸积盘中心黑洞的角动量和质量的总变化率与质量吸积率和能量提取率之比的关系，在此基础上讨论了BlandfordZnajek过程对黑洞吸积盘内边缘半径r_(ms)演化的影响，并证明在此过程中中心黑洞的熵总是增大的。     

黑洞吸积盘的演化与黑洞自转：Ⅰ.薄盘的演化

在同时考虑薄盘吸积与ＢｌａｎｄｆｏｒｄＺｎａｊｅｋ过程的条件下讨论了黑洞吸积盘的的演化,并指出黑洞的无量纲角动量ａ是标志黑洞吸积盘演化特征的重要参量．得到描述黑洞自转的３个特征值：（１）ａＩ≈０．９８３标志在薄盘吸积与ＢｌａｎｄｆｏｒｄＺｎａｊｅｋ能量提取机制的作用下,中心黑洞的无量纲角动量ａ演化的上限;（２）ａＩＩ≈０．９４０对应于黑洞薄盘内边缘半径ｒｍｓ演化的极小值;（３）ａＩＩＩ≈０．８２４对应于活动星系核射电噪度（ｒａｄｉｏｌｏｕｄｎｅｓ）的极大值     

The effective temperature distribution of steady-state, mass-losing accretion discs

Mass loss appears to be a common phenomenon among astrophysical accretion disc systems. An outflow emanating from an accretion disc can act as a sink for mass, angular momentum and energy, and can therefore alter the dissipation rates and effective temperatures across the disc. Here, the radial distributions of dissipation rate and effective temperature across a Keplerian, steady-state, mass-losing accretion disc are derived, using a simple, parametric approach that is sufficiently general to be applicable to many types of dynamical disc–wind models.
Effective temperature distributions for mass-losing accretion discs in cataclysmic variables are shown explicitly, with parameters chosen to describe both radiation-driven and centrifugally driven outflows. For realistic wind mass-loss rates of a few per cent, only centrifugally driven outflows – particularly those in which mass loss is concentrated in the inner disc – are likely to alter the effective temperature distribution of the disc significantly. Accretion discs that drive such outflows could produce spectra and eclipse light curves that are noticeably different from those produced by standard, conservative discs.     

Mass loss from the inner regions of accretion discs due to centrifugally driven magnetic wind flows

Wind flows and collimated jets are believed to be a feature of a range of disc accreting systems. These include active galactic nuclei, T Tauri stars, X-ray binaries and cataclysmic variables. The observed collimation implies large-scale magnetic fields and it is known that dipole-symmetry fields of sufficient strength can channel wind flows emanating from the surfaces of a disc. The disc inflow leads to the bending of the poloidal magnetic field lines, and centrifugally driven magnetic winds can be launched when the bending exceeds a critical value. Such winds can result in angular momentum transport at least as effective as turbulent viscosity, and hence they can play a major part in driving the disc inflow.
It is shown here that if the standard boundary condition of vanishing viscous stress close to the stellar surface is applied, together with the standard connection between viscosity and magnetic diffusivity, then poloidal magnetic field bending increases as the star is approached with a corresponding increase in the wind mass loss rate. A significant amount of material can be lost from the system via the enhanced wind from a narrow region close to the stellar surface. This occurs for a Keplerian angular velocity distribution and for a modified form of angular velocity, which allows for matching of the disc and stellar rotation rates through a boundary layer above the stellar surface. The enhanced mass loss is significantly affected by the behaviour of the disc angular velocity as the stellar surface is approached, and hence by the stellar rotation rate. Such a mechanism may be related to the production of jets from the inner regions of disc accreting systems.     

Stream overflow and dwarf nova eruptions

We consider the effects of accretion stream overflow on the viscous dynamics of accretion discs in dwarf novae. If the stream from the secondary star is geometrically thick enough, some fraction of its material can flow over and under the disc. The mass and specific angular momentum of the stream are then deposited not only at the point of collision with the outer disc, but also at those radii in the inner disc with geometric heights that are large enough to intercept the residual stream, or near the radius where the disc has the same specific angular momentum as the stream. The overflowing stream can alter the behaviour of heating fronts and cooling fronts in the disc. If the mass fraction of the overflowing stream is of order tens of per cent, the deposition of mass in the inner parts of the disc is sufficient to change the character of the eruption light curves significantly.     

Problems of low-mass binary evolution

Some problems connected with low-mass binary evolution (from contact binaries to cataclysmic variables and origin of bursters) are considered. Most attention is given to contact W UMa-stars and to (still unclear) scenarios where the angular momentum loss by magnetic braking may, at least partly, control the contact binary evolution.     

The effect of asynchronism on wind-driven mass transfer rates in the polars

An asynchronous magnetic white dwarf affects the rate of orbital evolution in AM Herculis binaries. An over-synchronous star leads to a positive orbital magnetic torque which reduces the rate of shrinkage of the secondary star's Roche lobe, and hence reduces the mass transfer rate. An opposing effect occurs as a result of the orbital angular momentum loss via secondary mass transfer in the absence of an accretion disc. The modification of the magnetic braking-driven synchronous mass transfer rate is calculated for a range of degrees of asynchronism, and its effect is compared at different orbital periods.     

The period gap and the AM Herculis type systems

We argue that the period distribution of AM Herculis binaries in the enlarged sample incorporating results from the recent ROSAT X-ray survey differs significantly from that of other cataclysmic variables. In particular, there is no evidence for a pronounced period gap at 2—3 hr and the significance of the period spike at about 114 min is brought into question. We present an alternative evolutionary scenario for the AM Herculis binaries based on the hypothesis that magnetic braking by the stellar wind of the M star secondary either ceases or is severely curtailed when the rotation of the magnetic white dwarf becomes synchronised with the orbital motion, The orbital evolution of the AM Herculis binaries is thereafter driven mainly by angular momentum loss due to gravitational radiation. This scenario not only explains the higher proportion of AM Herculis binaries in the period gap when compared with other cataclysmic variables but also provides a natural explanation for the low mass transfer rates in these binaries and for the existence of an apparent upper limit for the surface magnetic fields of their white dwarfs.     

Pseudo-viscous modelling of self-gravitating discs and the formation of low mass ratio binaries

We present analytic models for the local structure of self-regulated self-gravitating accretion discs that are subject to realistic cooling. Such an approach can be used to predict the secular evolution of self-gravitating discs (which can usefully be compared with future radiation hydrodynamical simulations) and to define various physical regimes as a function of radius and equivalent steady state accretion rate. We show that fragmentation is inevitable, given realistic rates of infall into the disc, once the disc extends to radii >70 au (in the case of a solar mass central object). Owing to the outward redistribution of disc material by gravitational torques, we also predict fragmentation at >70 au even in the case of low angular momentum cores which initially collapse to a much smaller radius. We point out that 70 au is close to the median binary separation and propose that such delayed fragmentation, at the point that the disc expands to >70 au, ensures the creation of low mass ratio companions that can avoid substantial further growth and consequent evolution towards unit mass ratio. We thus propose this as a promising mechanism for producing low mass ratio binaries, which, while abundant observationally, are severely underproduced in hydrodynamical models.     

Mass and spin co-evolution during the alignment of a black hole in a warped accretion disc

In this paper, we explore the gravitomagnetic interaction of a black hole (BH) with a misaligned accretion disc to study BH spin precession and alignment jointly with BH mass M _BH and spin parameter a evolution, under the assumption that the disc is continually fed, in its outer region, by matter with angular momentum fixed on a given direction     . We develop an iterative scheme based on the adiabatic approximation to study the BH–disc co-evolution: in this approach, the accretion disc transits through a sequence of quasi-steady warped states (Bardeen–Petterson effect) and interacts with the BH until the spin   J _BH  aligns with     . For a BH aligning with a corotating disc, the fractional increase in mass is typically less than a few per cent, while the spin modulus can increase up to a few tens of per cent. The alignment time-scale     is of  ∼10⁵–10⁶ yr  for a maximally rotating BH accreting at the Eddington rate. BH–disc alignment from an initially counter-rotating disc tends to be more efficient compared to the specular corotating case due to the asymmetry seeded in the Kerr metric: counter-rotating matter carries a larger and opposite angular momentum when crossing the innermost stable orbit, so that the spin modulus decreases faster and so the relative inclination angle.     

Substantial stream–disc overflow found in three-dimensional SPH simulations of cataclysmic variables

We study numerically the interaction of the infalling gas stream and the rim of the accretion disc in cataclysmic variables. The simulations were performed with a smoothed particle hydrodynamics scheme with high spatial resolution. Parameters of the systems AM CVn, OY Car, DQ Her, U Gem and IP Peg were used for the simulations. The simulations cover a wide range of orbital periods, mass ratios and mass transfer rates, as well as different thermal states of the accretion disc. The main result of this study is that the accretion stream is not stopped at the impact region (the bright spot at the outer rim of the disc). In fact, after undergoing the shock interaction, most of the matter is deflected vertically and flows in a more or less diffuse stream to inner parts of the disc, hitting the disc surface close to the circularization radius at orbital phase 0.5. This is a common feature in all systems for all simulated parameters. This stream overflow can cause the X-ray absorption dips observed in cataclysmic variables (CVs) and low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) around orbital phase 0.7, if the inclination is at least 65°. Under certain circumstances, namely a sudden increase of the mass transfer rate from the secondary or a rather small disc, parts of the overflowing stream bounce off the disc surface after hitting it at orbital phase ≈0.5. Another absorption region can be expected around orbital phase 0.2.
In our simulations most of the infalling matter reaches the inner disc very quickly. This must alter the evolution of the quiescent disc and the outburst behaviour considerably compared with purely viscous transport of the material through the disc from the outer rim, and therefore should be taken into account in dwarf nova outburst cycle calculations. To our knowledge, the consequences of such a massive stream overflow for the dwarf nova outburst cycle have not been considered yet.     

Modeling the luminosity function of galactic low-mass X-ray binaries

The evolution of the family of binaries with a low-mass star and a compact neutron star companion (low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) with neutron stars) ismodeled by the method of population synthesis. Continuous Roche-lobe filling by the optical star in LMXBs is assumed to be maintained by the removal of orbital angular momentum from the binary by a magnetic stellar wind from the optical star and the radiation of gravitational waves by the binary. The developed model of LMXB evolution has the following significant distinctions: (1) allowance for the effect of the rotational evolution of a magnetized compact remnant on themass transfer scenario in the binary, (2) amore accurate allowance for the response of the donor star to mass loss at the Roche-lobe filling stage. The results of theoretical calculations are shown to be in good agreement with the observed orbital period-X-ray luminosity diagrams for persistent Galactic LMXBs and their X-ray luminosity function. This suggests that the main elements of binary evolution, on the whole, are correctly reflected in the developed code. It is shown that most of the Galactic bulge LMXBs at luminosities L _x > 10³⁷ erg s^?1 should have a post-main-sequence Roche-lobe-filling secondary component (low-mass giants). Almost all of the models considered predict a deficit of LMXBs at X-ray luminosities near ～10^36.5 erg s^?1 due to the transition of the binary from the regime of angular momentum removal by a magnetic stellar wind to the regime of gravitational waves (analogous to the widely known period gap in cataclysmic variables, accreting white dwarfs). At low luminosities, the shape of the model luminosity function for LMXBs is affected significantly by their transient behavior-the accretion rate onto the compact companion is not always equal to the mass transfer rate due to instabilities in the accretion disk around the compact object. The best agreement with observed binaries is achieved in the models suggesting that heavy neutron stars with masses 1.4–1.9M _⊙ can be born.