新氢脉泽频率标准的支持电子学系统

氢脉泽的支持电子学系统是氢脉泽频率标准中子学的一个重要组成部分，它包括脉泽的热控制、磁场控制、氢压以及调谐控制。本将介绍上海天台新近研制成功的新氢脉泽（H7）的支持电子学系统的各控制部分的设计思想及特点。     

上海天文台氢脉泽在澳大利亚帕凯期天文台试验

１９９３年１１月４日－１２月１５日，上海天文台氢脉泽安装在澳大利亚帕凯期天文台，本文给出在此期间这台氢脉泽的试验结果，这次试验的主要目的是测定这台氢脉泽作为ＶＬＢＩ频率标准的性能。     

一种用于氢脉泽自支调谐的高稳锁相接收系统

本介绍了一种高稳定锁相接收系统，这种系统不仅整体合一、体积小、而且性能优良、可靠性高，为氢频标的工种化、商品化提供了条件。它可以提高氢脉泽频标的长期频率稳定度，对影响氢脉泽频标中短期频率稳定度的旧的电子系统也有所改善。章详细介绍该系统的工作原理、设计原则和各项技术指标，并对环路的性能进行了分析，最后给出了该系统的实测应用结果。     

G45.07＋0.13羟基分子脉泽的VLBI观测

利用甚长基线干涉仪，在１６６５ＭＨｚ频率上，观测超致密氢ＩＩ区Ｇ４５．０７＋０．１３的左右圆偏振羟基（ＯＨ）分子脉泽辐射．利用多条纹率成图方法，获得了这个区域２０ｍａｓ相对位置精度的脉泽结构图．除两个弱子源以外，所有脉泽子源都位于彗状结构氢ＩＩ区“彗头”的前沿．脉泽团离致密氢ＩＩ区中心投影距离为０＂．４．在完全饱和辐射的假设下，估计脉泽活动区具有氢分子数密度约为４．５×１０８（Ｈ２）ｃｍ－３．在脉泽源中，发现一对Ｚｅｅｍａｎ对，从它们的ＬＳＲ速度差，导出脉泽区的磁场约为３ｍＧ，方向为远离地球方向．在致密氢ＩＩ区Ｇ４５．０７＋０．１３彗头附近的脉泽团的直径为６×１０１６ｃｍ．这与Ｇ３４．０３＋０．２的观测结果很类似．这给解释彗状结构的氢ＩＩ区的各种模型提供了一个可靠的观测约束条件．     

自动调谐器在氢脉泽上的应用结果

本文介绍上海天文台自行研制的氢脉泽调谐［１．２］在我台制造的氢脉泽Ｈ８、Ｈ９、Ｈ１０上的应用．结果表明：氢脉泽自动调谐器有效地改善了氢脉泽的长期稳定度．     

新型氢脉泽磁屏蔽的设计

为使磁场在氢脉泽储存泡处的影响降到最小,对一种新型氢脉泽进行了磁屏蔽设计。给出了该新型氢脉泽磁屏蔽的相关理论计算、设计,包括对屏蔽体缝孔的设计考虑,通过仿真和实验验证了该磁屏蔽设计的可行性。     

氢脉泽守时应用研究

对国产实验室型氢脉泽在守时中两方面的应用可能性进行了初步分析和实验研究：１．分析了影响长期稳定工作的可能因素并进行了控制，使氢脉泽可直接参加守时；２．氢脉泽作为实时主钟高稳源的可能性，取得了较为乐观的结果．ＨＺ在ＴＡＩ计算中权重最高已达到９．实验在继续进行中．     

氢脉泽磁屏蔽的改进与性能测定

氢脉泽量子振荡器中（F＝1，mF=0）→（F＝0，mF＝0）跃迁是与磁场方有关的，所以希望将外磁场在储存泡处的影响降低到最小。最可行的办法是采用磁屏蔽。实验证明紧凑、同轴柱形的磁屏蔽最有效。本文将给出氢脉泽磁屏蔽的设计考虑与性能测定要求。     

上海天文台氢脉泽在澳大利亚帕凯斯天文台试验(英文)

1993年11月4日－12月15日,上海天文台氢脉泽安装在澳大利亚帕凯斯天文台。本文给出在此期间这台红脉泽的试验结果。这次试验的主要目的是测定这台氢脉泽作为VLBI频率标准的性能AShanghaiObservatoryhydrogenmaserwasinstalledattheParkesObservatoryfrom4Novemberto15December1993.Thisreportpresentstheresultsoftestsperformedonthemaserduringthisperiod.ThetestsweremainlyaimedatdeterminingtheperformanceofthemaserasaVLBIfrequencystandard.TheShanghaimaserwasinstalledinthe"maserhut",alongsidetheobservatoryfrequency…     

关于氢脉泽谐振腔的改进

本主要介绍氢原子钟的主要部件－－腔泡的改进与氢脉泽运转的关系。     

The Experiment and Analysis on VLBI Observations of Space Passive Hydrogen Maser

China plans to establish a lunar orbital VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometer) station around 2025, which will carry a space passive hydrogen maser as the time and frequency reference. Since it is the first time to use a space passive hydrogen maser for VLBI observation, its feasibility needs to be studied and verified. Therefore, we carried out VLBI observations using the space passive hydrogen maser as the frequency reference. In the experiment, the active hydrogen atomic clock and space passive hydrogen maser were used as the frequency standard, and the alternate VLBI observations of China’s Mars probe TW1 (Tianwen 1) were carried out using the 25 m radio telescope at Sheshan, Shanghai, and other VLBI stations. The results of data processing and analysis show that the standard deviation of VLBI residual group delay based on both active hydrogen atomic clock and space passive hydrogen maser are within 0.5 ns, which indicates that the space passive hydrogen maser can meet the accuracy requirements of VLBI measurement for deep space exploration, and verify its feasibility as the frequency standard of lunar orbital VLBI stations.     

Research on the Methods of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation for Active Hydrogen Maserstwo

Active hydrogen maser is the main frequency standard for establishing and maintaining the time scale. It has the characteristics of high short-term stability and low phase noise. At present, it plays an increasingly important role in the international atomic time (TAI) and various local time scales. Firstly, in combination with the internal state parameters of an active hydrogen maser, the correlation between the internal state parameters and the comparison data of a hydrogen maser is analyzed, and a method for the performance monitoring of a hydrogen maser is proposed. Secondly, according to the characteristics of hydrogen maser performance, a method for evaluating the performance of a hydrogen maser is given. The hydrogen maser performance includes mainly two aspects, namely the frequency stability and predictability. The performances of two types of active hydrogen masers (CH1-75 and MHM-2010) are evaluated by this method. The correlation analysis of the atomic clock state parameters and comparison data shows that the state parameter monitoring can effectively predict the variation of the hydrogen maser performance. The evaluation results of atomic clock frequency stability and predictability show that the atomic clock with a higher medium-and-long term frequency stability has a better predictability. There are two methods for the predictability evaluation, one is based on the data published by BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Measures), and another one is based on the quadratic model. Both methods are consistent with the weights published by BIPM. Therefore, the two methods can be used as a quantitative method to evaluate the predictability of a hydrogen maser.     

Near—Infrared Imaging Observations of the Orion A—W Star Forming Region

We carried out near-infrared imaging observations of the Ori A-W region using the Italian 1.5m TIRGO infrared telescope at Gornergrat. A group of infrared objects is visible on the K band image, including an IRAS source (IRS 1). From its IRAS flux density the IRAS luminosity is derived to be 45L⊙, which shows that IRS 1 is a low-mass protostar. By superimposing the position of the VLA H2O maser on the K image, we can identify the less evolved object IRS 1 as the excitation source of the H2O maser, within a projected distance of 470AU. This would be evidence that the maser effect is associated with the youngest phase of stellar evolution. The first probable HH object candidate in the Ori A-W region is discovered from the H2 S(1) 1-0 observation. Comparing the position of the H2O maser with the direction of the molecular hydrogen emission in the region, we suggest that the observed H2O maser could be tracing the circumstellar disk of IRS 1.     

星载氢钟VLBI观测实验及分析

中国计划于2025年左右建立月球轨道VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometer)测站,将会搭载被动型星载氢钟作为时间频率标准.由于是首次在VLBI观测中使用星载氢钟,需要研究和验证其可行性.因此,利用星载氢钟作为频率基准开展了VLBI观测.实验时,分别使用主动型地面氢钟和被动型星载氢钟作为频率基准,利用上海天文台佘山25 m射电望远镜和其他测站对我国火星探测器天问一号进行了交替VLBI观测.数据处理分析结果表明,基于地面氢钟与星载氢钟的VLBI残余群时延标准差均在0.5 ns以内,表明星载氢钟可满足深空探测VLBI测定轨的精度要求,验证了其作为月球VLBI测站频率基准的可行性.     

陕西天文台守时用氢原子钟

本文介绍了陕西天文台守时用氢原子钟（Ｈ２）的改进、分项误差、准确度及在国际时间局（ＢＩＰＭ）公报中取权情况．Ｈ２自１９９１年开始连续运转至今已两年多了。１９９１年３月开始每月向ＢＩＰＭ报送数据，１９９１年９月开始取权１．Ｈ２是我国唯一的一台在ＢＩＰＭ公报上取权的氢钟．     

A cloud collision model for water maser excitation

High-velocity collisions between small, dense, neutral clouds or between a dense cloud and a dense shell can provide the energy source required to excite H2O maser emission. The radiative precursor from the surface of the collisional shock front rapidly diffuses through the cloud, heating the dust grains but leaving the H2 molecules cool. Transient maser emission occurs as the conditions for the Goldreich and Kwan "hot-dust cold-gas" maser pump scheme are realized locally within the cloud. In time the local maser action quenches due to the heating of the H2 molecules by collisions against the grains. Although this model cannot explain the very long-lived steady maser features, it is quite successful in explaining a number of the observed properties of the high-velocity features in such sources as Orion, W51, and W49. In particular, it provides a natural explanation for the rapid time variations, the narrow line widths, juxtaposition of high- and low-velocity features, and the short lifetimes which are frequently observed for the so-called high-velocity maser "bullets" thought to be accelerated by strong stellar winds.     

SOHM-4型氢原子钟的设计改进与初步性能

氢原子钟是一种最稳定的 (除极短测量时间间隔之外 )频率标准 ,但是环境温度变化及微波谐振腔老化会引起原子钟输出频率的变化 ,从而导致氢原子钟长期性能变差。为了减小这些影响 ,可借助一种自动调谐器来确保谐振腔的频率始终工作在所需的频率上 ,并采用新的温度控制系统来改善氢原子钟的长期性能。针对这些年来许多氢钟出现的有关问题 ,上海天文台在借鉴国外氢钟实验室经验的基础之上 ,对原有氢钟进行了技术改造 ,并为国家授时中心研制了SOHM - 4型氢原子钟。对该型氢原子钟技术改造特点作了介绍 ,并给出了期望的性能指标及初步的测试结果     

Extragalactic H2O Megamaser Sources： Central Black Holes, Nuclear X-ray and Maser Emissions

Extragalactic H2O megamasers are typically found within the innermost few parsecs of active galaxy nuclei (AGN) and the maser emission is considered to be excited most likely by the X-ray irradiation of the AGN.We investigate a comprehensive sample of extragalactic H2O masers in a sample of 38 maser host AGN to check potential correlations of the megamaser emission with parameters of the AGN,such as X-ray luminosity and black hole (BH) masses.We find a relation between the maser luminosities and BH masses,LH2O∝ M3.64-0.4 BH,which supports basically the theoretical prediction.The relation between the maser emission and X-ray emission is also confirmed.     

Database of molecular masers and variable stars

We present the database of maser sources in H2 O, OH and Si O lines that can be used to identify and study variable stars at evolved stages. Detecting the maser emission in H2 O, OH and Si O molecules toward infrared-excess objects is one of the methods for identifing long-period variables(LPVs, including miras and semiregulars), because these stars exhibit maser activity in their circumstellar shells. Our sample contains 1803 known LPV objects. Forty-six percent of these stars(832 objects) manifest maser emission in the line of at least one molecule: H2 O, OH or Si O. We use the database of circumstellar masers in order to search for LPVs which are not included in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars(GCVS). Our database contains 4806 objects(3866 objects without associations in GCVS) with maser detection in at least one molecule. Therefore it is possible to use the database in order to locate and study the large sample of LPV stars. The database can be accessed at http://maserdb.net.     

氢原子钟蓝宝石谐振腔的设计和实验表现

为了设计主动型氢原子钟蓝宝石谐振腔的结构尺寸,对根据TE011模式下蓝宝石谐振腔的麦克斯韦尔方程组推出的超越方程进行了求解,利用电磁场有限元分析软件对蓝宝石腔进行了仿真分析。通过计算S参数,确认了所设计的氢原子钟蓝宝石谐振腔实现氢脉泽自激振荡的现实性。利用SOHM-4型氢钟机架作为实验床,在离子泵电流1.1 mA时,得到了强度为-102.93 dbm的脉泽振荡信号。此信号强度与标准的主动型氢原子钟在相同的离子泵电流下的信号强度相仿。