Mira星包层中的OH脉泽模型

采用拱星包层物质轴对称分布的模型,计算了Ｍｉｒａ星拱星包层的物质分布和速度场分布,并通过解统计平衡方程得到了ＯＨ１８ｃｍ的四条谱线的反转区。模型假定辐射压来自中心星和尘埃本身的辐射。计算中考虑了中心星的辐射、ＯＨ分子与电子的碰撞、尘埃本身的辐射和射波背景辐射等抽运机制。计算结果基本上反映了观测到的ＯＨ脉泽的径向分布和角向分布等性质。     

AGB星轴对称拱星包层的速度流场

通过对ＡＧＢ星轴对称旋转膨胀拱星包层的分析,建立了包层内气体和尘埃的运动方程,得到了拱星包层的速度流场的解析解．解的结果表明：物质外流速率随其与赤道面的交角增加而增大,沿极轴方向达到最大,而沿赤道面向外最小．物质外流量的情形则相反．     

大质量年轻星体的红外谱研究

本文对一批中心星光度大于１０３Ｌ⊙,质量大于７～８Ｍ⊙的大质量年轻星体（ＹＳＯｓ）进行了研究．利用近几年对这批源进行的ＪＨＫ波段的观测以及其它台站的红外测光和ＩＲＡＳ点源资料,得到了这批源的红外能谱．根据它们在７－２３μｍ间的低分辨率光谱（ＬＲＳ）,确定了其尘埃粒子的类型,并将其分成三类：（１）具有９．７μｍ的硅酸盐特征;（２）具有１１．３μｍ的ＰＡＨ特征;（３）特征不明显或谱噪音较大．本文采用球对称、各向同性、吸收和散射同时考虑的辐射转移模型,对１２个大质量年轻星体进行了红外能谱拟合,得到了这些源的一系列重要的物理参量,如：中心星的光度和表面有效温度、特征波长上的光深以及包层的尘埃温度和密度随半径变化的幂律等．模型拟合的结果显示：（１）在大部分尘埃包层中,尘埃温度随尘埃包层半径的分布为Ｔｄ（ｒ）∝ｒ－０．４±０．０３,它与假设尘埃的吸收／发射效率Ｑ（ν）＝Ｑ０（νν）β,β＝１时的理论预期一致．（２）尘埃密度随尘埃包层半径的分布为ｎｄ（ｒ）∝ｒ－２．０～－１．５,该关系式间接反映了恒星形成早期,分子包层从等温塌缩到自由下落的过渡．     

AGB星轴对称拱星包层的速度流场

通过对ＡＧＢ星轴对称旋转膨胀拱星包层的分析,建立了包层内气体和尘埃的运动方程,得到了拱星包层的速度流场的解析解,解的结果表明,物质外流速度随其与赤道面的交角增加而增大,沿极轴方向达到最大,而沿赤道面向外最小,物质外流量的情形则相反。     

IRAS 19227+1700:富碳星还是富氧星?

IRASl9227 1700作为富碳星列于新版碳星星表中．然而该星在IRAS红外双色图上处于典型的有较厚富氧拱星包层区域中，而不处于硅酸盐碳星通常所处的区域．而且有证据表明该星不但有主线和伴线羟基脉泽发射，还有靠近中心星的水脉泽发射．其IRASLRS谱在9—12μm范围有尘埃发射特征，近红外的观测又证实它确实存在热的拱星包层．因此IRAS19227 1700的拱星包层应该全是富氧性质的，它的中心星是富氧的可能性也极大．     

SiO脉泽星的近红外测光与分析

本文给出３５个不同类型含ＳｉＯ（ｖ＝１,Ｊ＝１－０）脉泽发射的ＡＧＢ星的近红外观测结果（其中包括６个Ⅰ型ＯＨ星,１３个Ⅱ型ＯＨ星,９个仅有ＳｉＯ脉泽的星以及７个无ＯＨ脉泽但有ＳｉＯ和Ｈ２Ｏ脉泽的星）．得出了它们的ＪＨＫ星等和流量．同时经认证找出了它们对应的ＩＲＡＳ观测数据．通过对它们的近红外、中远红外以及ＯＨ射电资料的同时分析,得出了不同类型ＳｉＯ脉泽星的色指数、谱斜率以及在近红外波段上拟合的等效黑体温度Ｔｅｑ．由红外及ＯＨ射电资料导出了其中心星的质量损失率Ｍ,并在此基础上结合已知的ＳｉＯ脉泽源资料,找出了不同类型ＳｉＯ脉泽星各量之间的关系．计算结果表明,ＳｉＯ脉泽具有普遍性,在各类脉泽星中都可出现．ＳｉＯ脉泽的光度与质量损失率弱相关,并且从（Ｍｉｒａ）ＳｉＯ到（ＯＨ／ＩＲ）ＳｉＯ逐渐增加．ＳｉＯ脉泽的流量与近红外“色”以及等效黑体温度Ｔｅｑ的关系较为密切．ＳｉＯ脉泽积分流量的上限与ＩＲＡＳ在１２μｍ和２５μｍ上流量分别都相关．本文对ＳｉＯ脉泽在ＡＧＢ演化中的地位和特殊性进行了简单讨论．     

恒星脉泽源的近红外观测与研究

本文给出了３９个不同类型的恒星脉泽源的近红外测光结果。以所获得的Ｊ、Ｈ、Ｋ波段流量密度，结合ＩＲＡＳ分光测量数据及低分辨光谱指数等资料，得出了各类源在不同波段的双色图上的分布特点。计算了光谱斜率和红外光度，同时从红外及射电幅射得出了中心星质量损失率及质量损失历经时间。并对不同源的各类参数进行了比较分析。结果表明随着在ＡＧＢ上的演化，中心星质量损失率不断增加，脉泽源的红外特性和包层结构呈系统变化，进一步说明了从ＳｉＯ和Ｈ２Ｏ脉泽，经Ⅰ型ＯＨ／ＩＲ脉泽，到Ⅱ型ＯＨ／ＩＲ脉泽，是相互关联的有序演化系列。     

具有碳化硅拱星壳层的OH／IR星

利用ＩＲＡＳ低分辨率光谱（ＬＲＳ）观测资料,从近２０００个具有１６１２ＭＨｚＯＨ发射的ＩＲＡＳ源中,发现９个具有碳化硅特征拱星壳层的ＯＨ／ＩＲ星的候选者．进一步的研究表明其中的６个确实或极有可能既是显示１１．３μｍ碳化硅发射特征的碳星,也是表现１６１２ＭＨｚＯＨ脉泽发射的ＯＨ／ＩＲ星     

恒星形成时期强远红外源的红外发射与赫罗图

本文从IRAS点源星表（PSC）中选择了一批流量只F100μ≥500Jy，且属于正在形成或早期演化阶段的强远红外源，利用北京天文台兴隆观测站的1.26m红外望远镜，对这批源进行了J、H、K波段的近红外观测，得到了12个源的第一次J、H、K测光资料．结合外台站的红外观测资料和IRAS点源星表数据，我们对强远红外源的红外发射进行了修正的黑体光球模型、双壳层尘埃发射模型以及详细的辐射转移等模型的拟合，得到了这些源的一系列重要的物理参量，如中心星的等效光球温度，近红外消光以及包层的尘埃温度和密度随半径变化的幂律等．本文利用红外导出的中心星光球温度和光度，得到了与这些强远红外源成协的大质量年轻天体在赫罗图上的位置和演化特征．我们发现，对质量一定的大质量年轻星，沿着向主序演化的方向，红外谱在12μ－60μ间的斜率S有逐渐增大的趋势；而对演化到同一时间线的星，随着质量的增大，S也有增大的趋势．本文分析了这一性质．并提出了利用红外资料研究赫罗图的方法，它是一种研究深埋于分子云和尘埃包层的大质量年轻星早期演化的有效方法．     

对OH/IR星演化的模型研究

渐近巨星分支恒星 (AGB星 )是一种晚期演化恒星 ,它是恒星作为以核反应释能为发光能源的天体的最后演化阶段。AGB星阶段的恒星具有许多有趣的性质 ,如很大的质量损失率 (因此形成很厚的拱星尘埃气体包层 ) ,光变 ,热脉动 (或He闪耀 ) ,强的红外超量发射 ,分子脉泽发射等 ,弄清AGB星的演化规律是研究恒星演化理论的重要任务。目前人们所知道的AGB星的演化图景是 ,恒星经过漫长的主序演化之后 ,将经过红巨星 (RGB)阶段 ,然后才进入AGB阶段 ,在其演化过程中AGB星的光度和质量损失率要逐渐增大 ,它的光变周期也逐渐变长 ,在其中心星经历了一系列的由He核反应不稳定性引起的热脉动之后 ,它的质量损失很快停止 ,恒星开始向行星状星云 (PN)演化 ,最后行星状星云将会变成一个白矮星 ,这将是许多初始质量不很大的恒星的最终结局。OH/IR星阶段是AGB星演化的一个阶段 ,OH/IR星是那些质量稍大的恒星在AGB阶段后期演化而成的天体。现阶段人们对OH/IR星的具体演化过程还知道得很少。我们利用了球对称包层中的尘埃辐射转移模型来研究OH/IR星的演化性质 ,并且收集了尽量多的具有可靠距离的OH/IR星来研究他们的光度和质量损失率的演化性质。在本文的研究工作中 ,我们主要讨论了OH/IR星在远红外双色图中的分布规律 ,还发现     

Model of OH maser in the circumstellar envelop of Mira stars

In this paper, we calculate the mass and velocity distribution of the envelope of Mira stars, for an axisymmetric distribution of the envelope mass. We also calculate the inversion regions of the four 18 cm lines of OH. We assume that the radiation pressure comes from the central star and the thermal emission of the dust itself. We consider pumping mechanisms due to emission from the central star, collision, emission from the dust itself and cosmic microwave background. The model reproduces some of the general features seen in the real sources.     

Mid-infrared imaging of WL 16: the spatial distribution of the hydrocarbon emission features

We present arcsec-resolution images at 8.2, 10.0 and 11.3 μm of the unusual young object WL 16 in Ophiuchus, which has an extended envelope of fluorescing hydrocarbon molecules. To the limit of achieved sensitivity, the faint 10.0-μm continuum has a surface-brightness distribution that is not distinguishable from those at 8.2 and 11.3 μm, where the luminosity is known to be dominated by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission features. We conclude that the 10-μm continuum either arises from non-equilibrium heating of small dust grains that are well mixed with the hydrocarbons or is quasi-continuous emission from the PAH particles themselves, rather than thermal equilibrium emission from macroscopic dust grains, and that there is no significant silicate absorption variation across the source. The extended hydrocarbon emission may trace a flattened, equatorial distribution of circumstellar material or arise in bipolar lobes. The former case is slightly favoured, based on currently available data, and would imply that WL 16 is a relatively evolved Herbig Ae star, the equatorial plane of which has been almost cleared of normal dust, leaving only fluorescing hydrocarbons and larger coagulated particles as a possibly transient fossil of the original circumstellar disc.     

A Compact Circumstellar Dust Envelope of an Evolved AGB Star IRC-10529

We have made far-infrared mapping observations around a heavily mass losing evolved star IRC-10529 with ISO. It is found that IRC-10529 shows a very compact circumstellar dust envelope in the 60 and 90 μm images obtained by ISOPHOT. Such a small size of the circumstellar dust envelope indicates very short history of the present strong mass loss. It is very likely that IRC-10529 has just evolved into the final stage of AGB evolution with an extremely high mass-loss rate very recently. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

共生星双星的星风物质损失率的测定

共生星双星是一颗有强大星风物质损失的红巨星与一颗早型热星组成的特殊双星系统。由于早型热星在充满红巨星的星风物质的空间中环绕运行，可以产生Ｐ—Ｃｙｇｎｉ型谱线，通过对Ｐ—Ｃｙｇｎｉ型谱线的理论分析可以精确测定共生星双星的星风物质损失率。文章介绍了国际上比较有代表意义的一些共生星双星的工作，其中的方法几乎都是近十年中发展起来的。同时，文章还介绍了作者的一些工作。在谱线形成计算中考虑了较多的因素，如氢—氦混合气体的多能级跃迁问题、轨道运动引起的密度非径向分布问题等，并在轨道形状方面做了一些简化。反映了共生星双星谱线形成关键的周期性相位变化的特征，取得了比较满意的结果，对这个方法存在的问题和改进方向进行了一些简要讨论，此外，还介绍了作者在线性化分离法求解Ｎｏｎ－ＬＴＥ大气模型中所做的工作。     

Turbulent Fragmentation and Star Formation

We review the main results from recent numerical simulations of turbulent fragmentation and star formation. Specifically, we discuss the observed scaling relationships, the “quiescent” (subsonic) nature of many star-forming cores, their energy balance, their synthesized polarized dust emission, the ages of stars associated with the molecular gas from which they have formed, the mass spectra of clumps, and the density and column density probability distribution function of the gas. We then give a critical discussion on recent attempts to explain and/or predict the star formation efficiency and the stellar initial mass function from the statistical nature of turbulent fields. Finally, it appears that turbulent fragmentation alone cannot account for the final stages of fragmentation: although the turbulent velocity field is able to produce filaments, the spatial distribution of cores in such filaments is better explained in terms of gravitational fragmentation.     

Axisymmetry in protoplanetary nebulae: using imaging polarimetry to investigate envelope structure

We use ground-based imaging polarimetry to detect and image the dusty circumstellar envelopes of a sample of protoplanetary nebulae (PPNe) at near-infrared wavelengths. This technique allows the scattered light from the faint envelope to be separated from the glare of the bright central star, and is particularly well suited to this class of object. We detect extended (up to 9-arcsec diameter) circumstellar envelopes around 15 out of 16 sources with a range of morphologies including bipolars and shells. The distribution of scattered light in combination with its polarization (up to 40 per cent) provides unambiguous evidence for axisymmetry in 14 objects, showing this to be a common trait of PPNe. We suggest that the range of observed envelope morphologies results from the development of an axisymmetric dust distribution during the superwind phase at the end of the AGB. We identify shells seen in polarized light with scattering from these superwind dust distributions, which allows us to provide constraints on the duration of the superwind phase. In one object (IRAS 19475+3119) the circumstellar envelope has a two-armed spiral structure, which we suggest results from the interaction of the mass-losing star with a binary companion.     

The circumstellar disc around the Herbig AeBe star HD169142

We present 7 mm and 3.5 cm wavelength continuum observations towards the Herbig AeBe star HD169142 performed with the Very Large Array (VLA) with an angular resolution of ≃1 arcsec. We find that this object exhibits strong (≃4.4 mJy), unresolved (≲1 arcsec) 7 mm continuum emission, being one of the brightest isolated Herbig AeBe stars ever detected with the VLA at this wavelength. No emission is detected at 3.5 cm continuum, with a 3σ upper limit of ≃0.08 mJy. From these values, we obtain a spectral index α≳ 2.5 in the 3.5 cm to 7 mm wavelength range, indicating that the observed flux density at 7 mm is most likely dominated by thermal dust emission coming from a circumstellar disc. We use available photometric data from the literature to model the spectral energy distribution (SED) of this object from radio to near-ultraviolet frequencies. The observed SED can be understood in terms of an irradiated accretion disc with low mass accretion rate,     , surrounding a star with an age of ≃10 Myr. We infer that the mass of the disc is ≃0.04 M_⊙, and is populated by dust grains that have grown to a maximum size of 1 mm everywhere, consistent with the lack of silicate 10 μm emission. These features, as well as indications of settling in the wall at the dust destruction radius, led us to speculate that the disc of HD169142 is in an advanced stage of dust evolution, particularly in its inner regions.     

Circumstellar envelopes and Asymptotic Giant Branch stars

Summary. Red giants are sometimes surrounded by envelopes, the result of the ejection of stellar matter at a large rate (/yr) and at a low velocity (10 km/s). In this review the envelopes are discussed and the relation between stars and envelope: what stars combine with what envelopes? The envelope emits radiation by various processes and has been detected at all wavelengths between the visual and the microwave range. I review the observations of continuum radiation emitted by dust particles and of rotational transitions of molecules, where these molecules have been excited by thermal or by non–thermal (“maser”) processes. I discuss mainly the oxygen–rich stars, those of spectral type M, and only briefly the closely related carbon–rich stars. By and large the density in the envelope is well described by spherically symmetric outflow at a constant velocity; on the time scale needed to flow from stellar surface to the outermost layers, i.e. yr, the loss of mass is sometimes interrupted suddenly after which the envelope becomes “detached” from the star. The temperature decreases when moving outward; heat input is by friction between dust particles and gas and cooling occurs by line radiation by various molecules, especially by HO. The molecular composition is determined by formation in an equilibrium process deep in the atmosphere and by destruction in the outer parts of the outflow by interstellar UV radiation (H, CO, HO) or by depletion due to condensation on dust grains (SiO); dust particles of silicate material solidify where the radiation temperature is decreased to about 1000 K, and this is at a few stellar radii. The various continuum spectra produced by the dust particles in different stars are well modelled by a simple model of the density and dust temperature distribution plus the assumption that the particles consist of “dirty silicate”, i.e. silicate with Fe and Al ions added. A large range of optical depths, , is observed: from 0.01 to 10. In envelopes with large optical depth the star itself can no longer be detected directly. Model calculations also show that the momentum in the outflow, i.e. is provided by radiation pressure on the dust particles followed by the complete transfer of this momentum to the gas. The mass–loss rate itself, , is not determined by radiation pressure but by dynamic processes in the region below the dust condensation layer. When is sufficiently large its measurement, that of the stellar luminosity, and that of the outflow velocity, , permit the determination of , i.e. the total outflow rate, without making assumptions about the abundance of the dust particles or of the molecular gases. Detached envelopes have been seen in a few cases. Thermal molecular radiation is faint compared to the maser emission but has been measured in distant stars, e.g. in stars near the galactic center. Different molecules outline different “spheres” around the star. The largest sphere (a radius of 0.1 pc) is outlined by an emission line belonging to the CO() transition. Higher rotational transitions of CO give smaller diameters. A comparison of CO () and () fluxes in stars with very thick envelopes leads to the conclusion that an abrupt decrease in the mass–loss rate occurred some ten thousand years ago. Three molecules produce each several maser lines: SiO, HO and OH. Several new HO lines have recently been discovered; their exploration has hardly been started. The high intensity of the maser lines makes interferometry possible and hence detailed mapping. The SiO lines are formed deep in the envelope, below the dust condensation layer. OH maser lines are produced farthest out, HO lines in between. The excitation mechanisms for most maser lines is understood globally, but detailed models are lacking, largely because the problem is non–linear and the solution of the radiative transfer equation requires a highly anisotropic geometry. The geometrical and kinematical properties of the 1612 MHz OH maser, which in many objects is very strong, are explained by a thin shell of OH; because the angular diameter of the shell can be measured directly and the linear diameter can be determined from the difference in the time of maximum flux of blue and red maser peaks, the distance of the shell and of the star can be measured. The presence or absence of individual maser lines appears to depend on the value of and is well described by a sequence called “Lewis' chronology”. The central star is a long–period variable with a period of 300 days or longer and with a large luminosity amplitude (). Evidence is given that each star has the maximum luminosity it will reach during its evolution and that it is a thermally–pulsing Asymptotic–Giant–Branch star (TP–AGB) with a main–sequence mass between 1 and 6 . Stars of the same main–sequence mass, , have different mass–loss rates, in some cases by a factor of 10. The mass–loss rate probably increases with time, and the highest mass–loss rates are reached toward the end of the evolution. Stars with higher ultimately reach higher mass–loss rates. The calibration of the main–sequence mass is reviewed. Most Mira variables with mass loss have a mass between 1.0 and 1.2 . OH/IR stars with periods over 1000 days have no counterparts among the carbon stars and thus have . Stars as discussed in this review have been found only in the thin galactic disk and in the bulge. Finally I review several recently proposed scenarios for TP–AGB evolution in which mass loss is taken into account. These scenarios represent the observations quite well; their major short–coming is the lack of an explanation why the central stars are always large–amplitude, long–period variables and why such stars are the ones with high mass–loss rates. Received: 10 January 1996     

A warped m= 2 water maser disc in V778 Cyg?

The silicate carbon star V778 Cyg is a source of 22-GHz water maser emission which was recently resolved by MERLIN. Observations revealed an elongated     -like structure along which the velocities of the maser features show a linear dependence on the impact parameter. This is consistent with a doubly warped   m = 2  disc observed edge-on. Water masers and silicate dust emission (detected by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite and Infrared Space Observatory ) have a common origin in O-rich material and are likely to be co-located in the disc. We propose a detailed self-consistent model of a masing gas–dust disc around a companion to the carbon star in a binary system, which allows us to estimate the companion mass of  1.7 ± 0.1 M_⊙  , the disc radius of  40 ± 3  au and the distance between companions of ∼80 au. Using a dust–gas coupling model for water masing, we calculate the maser power self-consistently, accounting for both the gas and the dust energy balances. Comparing the simulation results with the observational data, we deduce the main physical parameters of the masing disc, such as the gas and dust temperatures and their densities. We also present an analysis of the stability of the disc.     

Infrared photometry of Sakurai’s object (V4334 Sgr) in 1996–1999

The infrared photometric observations of V4334 Sgr in 1996–1999 are presented. Together with optical data, they have allowed us to accurately estimate the bolometric flux from this star and to investigate the structure of its dust envelope over the above period. The star is shown to have passed through four well-defined stages in these four years as it moved backward along the post-AGB track, and it now appears to have started moving forward after a halt. At the first stage (1996), there was no dust in the star’s envelope. Its visual brightness slightly increased, and it reddened in the entire observed spectral range. The bolometric flux also gradually rose. At the second stage (1997), an optically thick dust envelope condensed around the star, which, however, essentially did not manifest itself at optical wavelengths. The bolometric flux continued to rise through an increase in the star’s infrared brightness alone; the rate of its rise also increased. At the third stage (1998–March 1999), V4334 Sgr entered the R CrB phase. First two shallow minima and then two deep minima were observed at optical wavelengths. The star appreciably reddened during the deep minima. The bolometric flux ceased to rise and began to gradually fall in the second half of 1998. At the fourth stage (since March 1999 up until now), V4334 Sgr has been at a protracted deep minimum, which is atypical of the R CrB stars. The bolometric flux between March and October underwent no significant variations. We describe the structure of the dust envelope around V4334 Sgr since its formation. From June 1997 until July 1998, the optical depth of the dust shell, its inner and outer radii, and its mass increased by factors of ～2.2, ～2.0, 2.3, and ～10, respectively. In July 1998, τ(V)≈2.3, R _{d, in}≈7.4×10¹⁴ cm, R _{d, in}/R _{d, out}≈0.7(R _{d, in}/R _*≈47), and M _dust≈1.6×10^?7 M _⊙.