对一个太阳风暴及其行星际和地磁效应的研究

对一个爆发于2014年1月7日的太阳风暴进行了研究,通过对太阳活动的多波段遥感观测—来自于太阳动力学天文台(Solar Dynamics Observatory,SDO)以及太阳和日球天文台(Solar and Heliospheric Observatory,SOHO),分析了耀斑和日冕物质抛射(coronal mass ejection,CME)的爆发过程.通过地球同步轨道环境业务卫星(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites,GOES)对高能质子以及日地L1点的元素高级成分探测器(Advanced Composition Explorer,ACE)对当地等离子体环境的就位观测,分析了伴随太阳风暴的太阳高能粒子(solar energetic particle,SEP)事件和行星际CME(ICME)及其驱动的激波.通过地面磁场数据分析了该太阳风暴对地磁场的影响.研究结果表明:(1)耀斑脉冲相的开始时刻和CME在日面上的抛射在时序上一致.(2)高能质子主要源于CME驱动的激波加速,并非源于耀斑磁重联过程.质子的释放发生在CME传播到7.7个太阳半径的高度的时刻.(3)穿过近地空间的行星际激波鞘层的厚度和ICME本身的厚度分别为0.22 au和0.26 au.(4)行星际激波和ICME引起了多次地磁亚暴和极光,但没有产生明显的地磁暴.原因在于ICME没有包含一个规则的磁云结构或明显的南向磁场分量.     

暗条和日冕极紫外波的三维动力学演化研究

<正>探索三维空间内的各种太阳爆发活动是近年来人们普遍关注的一个热点课题.其主要原因在于爆发活动的三维演化反映了其真实的物理过程,对于认识各种活动现象的发生和演化规律十分重要.暗条爆发和日冕物质抛射(CME)是两种重要的太阳活动现象.日冕极紫外(EUV)波是CME的一种伴生现象,对日冕EUV波的研究为完整地理解CME提供了重要的线索.由于先前的数据都来源于单一视角     

对地CME研究进展与太阳雷达的潜力

日冕物质抛射(CME)是由太阳磁场驱动向行星际空间喷射等离子体物质和磁场的大尺度太阳爆发活动,是灾害性空间天气事件最主要的驱动源之一。朝着地球方向爆发的CME极易到达地球并造成灾害性空间天气,因此研究这类CME对于空间天气预报与太阳物理研究具有极为重要的意义。随着观测技术的发展,CME的观测及预报和研究工作取得了长足的进展。但由于常规观测手段与预报方法的局限,对朝着地球爆发的CME进行准确有效预报的目标至今仍未能实现。首先阐述CME与空间天气的关系,强调对CME预报研究的重要性;然后介绍预报研究中CME/ICME复杂的动力学过程,讨论这些过程对CME预报可能产生的影响;接着,回顾CME的常规观测手段,并讨论观测手段存在的不足;第4章,介绍CME主要的预报方法,同时讨论预报工作中存在的困难;第5章,讨论太阳雷达主动探测技术在日冕探测与CME预报研究中的可能应用前景;最后,总结CME预报研究现状,对预报研究工作中重要的问题进行综述,展望太阳雷达的未来应用。     

微波Ⅲ型爆发与日冕物质抛射的统计分析

对国家天文台2.6～3.8GHz频谱仪在第23太阳活动周上升段(1996～1998)记录到的Ⅲ型爆发,与日冕物质抛射(CME)作了统计分析。发现微波Ⅲ型爆发可能是CME的先兆现象,并讨论了它们的辐射机制。     

日冕物质抛射与米波射电Ⅱ型爆发和HQ耀斑的关系

统计分析了23周太阳活动峰年期间(1998．12～2002.12)记录到的米波Ⅱ型爆发,与Ha耀斑和日冕物质抛射(CME)事件的关系。统计发现：持续时间长的Ha耀斑和CME与Ⅱ型爆发比与Ⅲ型爆发的相关性好;伴随Ⅱ型爆发的CME可发生在Ha耀斑之前或之后,且91％的长寿命耀斑发生在CME之前。平均在前23分钟;伴随Ⅱ型爆发的Ha耀斑的能量随着CME的速度增大而变强。对这些观测特征作了定性的解释。     

伴随CME的微波爆发的特征

分析了与日冕物质抛射(CME)有关的太阳微波爆发(SMB)的特征,包括持 续时间、峰值流量、爆发类型、谱指数等．选取了从1999年11月至2003年9月的136 个事件,包括60个部分晕状CME(120°<宽度<360°)／晕状CME(宽度=360°)和 76个正常CME(20°<宽度<120°)／窄CME(0°<宽度<20°)． 研究发现: (1)与正常CME／窄CME有关的微波爆发持续时间较短,与部分晕状 ／晕状CME有关的微波爆发持续时间有长有短; (2)与慢CME有关的微波爆发持续时 间较短,与快CME有关的微波爆发持续时间可长可短;(3)与正常／窄CME有关的微 波爆发峰值辐射流量比较小,与部分晕状／晕状CME有关的微波爆发峰值辐射流量有大 有小;(4)与慢CME有关的微波爆发峰值辐射流量较小,与快CME有关的微波爆发峰 值辐射流量可长可短; (5)与正常／窄CME有关的微波爆发绝大多数为简单(simple) 型,与晕状CME有关的微波爆发绝大多数为复杂(C)／大爆发(GB)型; (6)与CME 有关的事件在频率,f相似文献   

微波Ⅲ型爆发与日冕物质抛射的统计分析

对国家天文台2．6～3．8GHz频谱仪在第23太阳活动周上升段(1996～1998)记录到的Ⅲ型爆发，与日冕物质抛射(CME)作了统计分析。发现微波Ⅲ型爆发可能是CME的先兆现象，并讨论了它们的辐射机制。     

超强太阳质子事件及相伴现象特征分析

依据卫星和地面的观测数据,分析了峰值流量达到或超过10 000 pfu(1 pfu=1proton.cm~2.s~(-1).sr~(-1))的超强太阳质子事件相伴的太阳耀斑、曰冕物质抛射(CME)驱动激波的曰地传播速度、源区的曰面经度、卡林顿经度以及相伴的磁暴等现象.研究表明,超强太阳质子事件源区的曰面经度范围为E30°Longitude≤W75°.超强太阳质子事件源区分布在2个卡林顿经度带,分别为130°~220°的区域和260°~320°的区域.超强太阳质子事件都伴随着强烈的太阳耀斑和快速CME,CME驱动的激波从太阳到地球的平均速度超过1200 km/s.除一个超强太阳质子事件相伴的磁暴略低于强磁暴外,其余8个都伴有Dst≤-100 nT的强烈磁暴.     

不同速度日冕物质抛射的多波段射电观测特征

比较了12个日冕物质抛射(CME)事件, 发现它们可以分为两类, 其中分别是快速(＞1000 km/s)和慢速(≤800 km/s)各6个事件, 发现这2类CME事件分别对应于不同的多波段射电辐射类型和不同的日冕磁位形.本文定性地分析了这二个类型的射电爆发的产生过程,指出多重磁极和双磁极结构可能是分别产生二类CME和二类多波段射电爆发类型的原因,并涉及到"磁崩溃"模型与多重磁结构的关系.讨论了CME的不同速度可能是造成多波段不同射电爆发的主要因素,并指出快速或慢速的CME可能取决于日冕的多重或双重磁结构.     

投影改正后CME的速度分布

目前观测的CME(日冕物质抛射)是其在天空平面的投影,这就导致CME的观测参量与真实参量之间存在一定的差异,比如说观测到的CME速度一般要比CME的真实速度小.运用基于锥状模型对CME的速度进行投影改正的方法,分析1996年9月到2007年9月(将近1个活动周)SOHO/LASCO日冕仪观测到的1 691个仅与耀斑相关的CME(简称FL类CME)和610个仅与暗条爆发相关的CME(简称FE类CME)投影改正前后的速度分布,得到如下结果:(1)投影改正前后,FL类CME和FE类CME的速度分布非常相似.且投影改正前后,两类CME的平均速度几乎相同; (2)投影改正前后,FL类CME和FE类CME速度的自然对数分布也非常相似.     

Radiative association of C and P, and Si and P atoms

The rate coefficients for the formation of carbon monophosphide (CP) and silicon monophosphide (SiP) by radiative association are estimated for temperatures ranging from 300 to 14 100 K. In this temperature range, the radiative association rate coefficients are found to vary from  1.14 × 10⁻¹⁸  to  1.62 × 10⁻¹⁸ cm³ s⁻¹  and from  3.73 × 10⁻²⁰  to  7.03 × 10⁻²⁰ cm³ s⁻¹  for CP and SiP, respectively. In both cases, rate coefficients increase slowly with the increase in temperature.     

DDO photometry and metallic abundances of E and SO galaxies and globular clusters of the LMC and SMC

Metallicity of 8 E and SO galaxies as well as that of red globulars of the LMC and SMC were obtained by means of DDO integrated photometry calibrated with galactic globular clusters (Bica and Pastoriza, 1983; hereafter referred to as Paper I). A correction was obtained in order to reduce the colors of the galaxies to zero redshift. The relation metallicity vsM _V for the galaxies is analyzed (adding to our sample the observations of McClure and Van den Bergh, 1968; and Faber, 1973a). For the Magellanic Clouds we found metallicity ranging from intermediate to poor.     

Substructure and the cusp and fold relations

Gravitational lensing of a background source by a foreground galaxy lens occasionally produces four images of the source. The cusp and the fold relations impose conditions on the ratios of magnifications of these four-image lenses. In this theoretical investigation, we explore the sensitivity of these relations to the presence of substructure in the lens. Starting with a smooth lens potential, we add varying amounts of substructure, while keeping the source position fixed, and find that the fold relation is a more robust indicator of substructure than the cusp relation for the images. This robustness is independent of the detailed spatial distribution of the substructure, as well as of the ellipticity of the lensing potential and the presence of external shear.     

Gravity and Topography of Moon and Planets

Planetology serves the understanding on the one hand of the solar system and on the other hand, for investigating similarities and differences, of our own planet. While observational evidence about the outer planets is very limited, substantial datasets exist for the terrestrial planets. Radar and optical images and detailed models of gravity and topography give an impressive insight into the history, composition and dynamics of moon and planets. However, there exists still significant lack of data. It is therefore recommended to equip all future satellite missions to the moon and to planets with full tensor gravity gradiometers and radar altimeters.     

Fragmentation and hydration of tektites and microtektites

Abstract— An examination of data collected over the last 30 years indicates that the percent of glass fragments vs. whole splash forms in the Cenozoic microtektite strewn fields increases towards the source crater (or source region). We propose that this is due to thermal stress produced when tektites and larger microtektites fall into water near the source crater while still relatively hot (>1150 °C). We also find evidence (low major oxide totals, frothing when melted) for hydration of most of the North American tektite fragments and microtektites found in marine sediments. High-temperature mass spectrometry indicates that these tektite fragments and microtektites contain up to 3.8 wt% H₂O. The H₂O-release behavior during the high-temperature mass-spectrometric analysis, plus high CI abundances (0.05 wt%), indicate that the North American tektite fragments and microtektites were hydrated in the marine environment (i.e., the H₂O was not trapped solely on quenching from a melt). The younger Ivory Coast and Australasian microtektites do not exhibit much evidence of hydration (at least not in excess of 0.5 wt% H₂O); this suggests that the degree of hydration increases with age. In addition, we find that some glass spherules (with <65 wt% SiO₂) from the upper Eocene clinopyroxene-bearing spherule layer in the Indian Ocean have palagonitized rims. These spherules appear to have been altered in a similar fashion to the splash form K/T boundary spherules. Thus, our data indicate that tektites and microtektites that generally contain >65 wt% SiO₂ can undergo simple hydration in the marine environment, while impact glasses (with <65 wt% SiO₂) can also undergo palagonitization.     

Uranus and Neptune: Shape and rotation

Both Uranus and Neptune are thought to have strong zonal winds with velocities of several 100 m s⁻¹. These wind velocities, however, assume solid-body rotation periods based on Voyager 2 measurements of periodic variations in the planets’ radio signals and of fits to the planets’ magnetic fields; 17.24 h and 16.11 h for Uranus and Neptune, respectively. The realization that the radio period of Saturn does not represent the planet’s deep interior rotation and the complexity of the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune raise the possibility that the Voyager 2 radio and magnetic periods might not represent the deep interior rotation periods of the ice giants. Moreover, if there is deep differential rotation within Uranus and Neptune no single solid-body rotation period could characterize the bulk rotation of the planets. We use wind and shape data to investigate the rotation of Uranus and Neptune. The shapes (flattening) of the ice giants are not measured, but only inferred from atmospheric wind speeds and radio occultation measurements at a single latitude. The inferred oblateness values of Uranus and Neptune do not correspond to bodies rotating with the Voyager rotation periods. Minimization of wind velocities or dynamic heights of the 1 bar isosurfaces, constrained by the single occultation radii and gravitational coefficients of the planets, leads to solid-body rotation periods of ∼16.58 h for Uranus and ∼17.46 h for Neptune. Uranus might be rotating faster and Neptune slower than Voyager rotation speeds. We derive shapes for the planets based on these rotation rates. Wind velocities with respect to these rotation periods are essentially identical on Uranus and Neptune and wind speeds are slower than previously thought. Alternatively, if we interpret wind measurements in terms of differential rotation on cylinders there are essentially no residual atmospheric winds.     

Local solar magnetic and velocity field development and related photospheric and chromospheric activity

We have compiled the results of our long-term studies of the local magnetic field and its activity development, derived from investigating sunspot group evolution, photoelectrically measured longitudinal magnetic and velocity fields, and measurements of sunspot proper motions. We estimate certain regularities according to which the magnetic and velocity fields, and photospheric, as well as chromospheric activities develop. We speculate about the physical background of such processes.Dedicated to Cornelis de Jager     

Radii and Albedos of four Trojan asteroids and Jovian satellites 6 and 7

Thermal radiation has been detected from four asteroids of the Trojan group, and J6 and J7, the brightest of the outer satellites of Jupiter. The six objects all have exceedingly low geometric albedos of 0.02 or 0.03 according to calculations based on their known visual brightness and the measured thermal fluxes. 624 Hektor, the largest object studied here, has a radius of 110 ± 20 km, though the exact shape of this body is in question. While the sample observed in this work is small (the total number of Trojans larger than 0.25 km in radius is about 1000), the fact that all four studied have similarly low albedos suggests that this property is characterisic of the Trojans and at least two of the outer members of Jupiter's retinue of satellites. The low surface albedo of the Trojans may preclude the proposed origin of the Jovian group of comets among these bodies according to E. Rabe. Updated tables of the dimensions of all the Jovian satellites are given.