上海天文台佘山站光学和红外天文观测条件的研究

本以大气湍流理论为基础，对上海天台佘山站大气相干长度进行了实测，结果约为6厘米。同时利用两年的高空气气象资料分析了上海地区大气湍流特性，计算了水汽含量，对该地区光学和红外天了初步的定量研究，认为该地区可见光观测的最佳时机是夏秋季节，近红外波段的天观测变是可行的。     

大气湍流理论的进展及其天文学意义

传统的大气湍流理论始于大约３０年前。湍流理论的发展使得天文学家对大气湍流对天文观测的影响有了很好的认识，尤其是它为天文台选址和天文高分辨率技术提供了基础。近年来新的天文观测对已传统的大气湍流理论提出了挑战，并可能给地面天文观测带来一场革命。在回顾了大气湍流理论的发展历史后对传统大气湍流理论的基本特性及其应用作了系统的综述，并介绍了新的天文观测事实以及为此而提出的新的大气湍流理论模型。     

大气湍流理论的进展及其天文学意义(英)

传统的大气湍流理论始于大约30年前．湍流理论的发展使得天文学家对大气湍流对天文观测的影响有了很好的认识，尤其是它为天文台选址和天文高分辨率技术提供了基础．近年来新的天文观测已对传统的大气湍流理论提出了挑战，并可能给地面天文观测带来一场革命．在回顾了大气湍流理论的发展历史后对传统大气湍流理论的基本特性及其应用作了系统的综述，并介绍了新的天文观测事实以及为此而提出的新的大气湍流理论模型．     

大气光学湍流模型计算方法

光学湍流的强弱和分布是描述天文台址优劣的重要参数.介绍了利用大气模式WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model)计算高美古站周围大气光学湍流参数的方法,这些参数包括C2n(大气光学湍流强度)廓线、大气相干长度、大气相干时间、视宁度、等晕角和闪烁率等.包括模型计算方法的实现过程、模型的设置和模拟结果的验证.计算结果与云南高美古观测站DIMM (Differential Image Motion Monitor)的实测数据进行了对比.     

天文台址大气光学湍流探测技术

综述了大气光学湍流探测技术的最新进展,对近年来光学湍流探测设备进行简要总结。通过对光学湍流特征参数的介绍,分析了大气光学湍流探测在天文观测中日趋重要的作用。重点介绍了微温脉动仪、DIMM、MASS、SCIDAR等技术的原理与观测。总结国内大气光学湍流探测技术的现状,展望其在天文领域应用的未来发展趋势。     

2.16m望远镜红外自适应光学系统的误差和性能分析

在自适应光学系统中，波前探测器的噪声，未完全补偿湍流所引起的误差以及变形镜的拟合误差是主要的误差源，本针对已经建立２．１６ｍ望远镜红外自适应光学系统，从伺服控制系统的角度分析了该系统的闭环噪声，大气湍流引起的误差以及该系统的闭环总体误差，该系统的闭环总体误差是光强及系统闭环带宽的函数，本还分析了该系统的有效性以及对大气湍流不同改善程度情况下的光强与闭环带宽的关系，并在此基础上给出了该系统的最佳     

月球激光测距的新技术方法研究

月球激光测距是国内外所瞩目的宏伟目标，代表着单光子探测技术的高峰。本论文的目的是探索提高激光测月回波光子数的新方法，进而增加激光测月成功的几率。其思路是源于一个新的想法：在激光测月过程中引入大气波前倾斜量实时补偿的技术。首先介绍激光测月的现状和其难度所在：回波光子数太少，基本上属于亚光子探测范畴。在现有技术条件下，本文对影响激光测月回波光子数的因素逐一进行分析讨论，提出应该把激光束截面能量分布和大气湍流效应包括进去。为此分析讨论了大气湍流和大气中光场的基本统计性质、激光束在大气中传输时所受大气湍流的影响以及大气湍流对激光测距的影响，得出大气湍流特别对激光测月有着明显影响的结论。在此基础上对传统的激光测距方程进行了修正，使其应用到激光测月时更符合真实的情况，从而指导补偿的进行。涉及到在激光测月中对受大气湍流而畸变的激光束进行补偿，本文抓住重点，通过分析看出对大气倾斜量的实时补偿是提高激光测月回波光子数的重要因素。结合激光测月以及云南天文台现有测距系统的实际情况，本文独创性地提出利用激光测月目标近旁一定大小区域的扩展面源探测与计算大气倾斜量，然后对激光测月中的激光束进行大气倾斜量实时补偿的新技术方法。在分析比较各种从低对比度扩展源中计算大气倾斜量的算法后，本文认为采用绝对差分法最佳。最后是具体的激光测月的新技术方案，同时对此方法的理论与技术进行了分析讨论，推导出新技术方法的理论依据、补偿效果、可行性与实用性。     

先进多孔径视宁度廓线仪数值模拟研究

先进多孔径视宁度廓线仪(A-MASP)由两台小望远镜组成,通过望远镜观测太阳表面的米粒结构进行日间湍流廓线测量.两台望远镜之间的相对指向误差可以通过改进的湍流廓线测量公式消除.数值仿真研究表明,使用消除抖动的湍流廓线计算公式后,发现A-MASP对地表附近的湍流不敏感.当两台望远镜距离为0.4 m时,无法测量400 m以下的湍流.在A-MASP中,采样高度的不均匀分布会造成测量结果的失真,可通过等效采样高度的计算方法,对该失真进行修正.通过100层相位屏对大气湍流的仿真,结果表明当望远镜距离不同时,湍流廓线测量的结果各有侧重.当距离较近时(0.4 m),A-MASP对0.4–5 km的湍流廓线测量精度较高.当距离为1.2 m和2.0 m时,对5 km以上的湍流廓线测量较准确.     

系外行星大气研究现状

探测系外行星的最终目的是为了寻找系外生命和宣居行星,而系外行星大气是人们了解行星宜居特性的窗口,所以系外行星大气的研究至关重要。近10年来,系外行星大气的理论研究和观测都发展迅速。受观测技术限制,目前观测到大气的系外行星主要是用凌星法探测到的热木星和超级地球,还有用直接成像法探测到的离主星较远的年轻气态巨行星。力求在系外行星大气领域飞速发展之际,对该领域研究现状做简明介绍。首先介绍系外行星大气的观测方法,随后介绍热木星和超级地球的大气概况和研究现状,最后对系外行星大气探测的有关项目进行简要介绍,以展示未来系外行星大气研究的前景。     

2.16m望远镜红外自适应光学系统的误差和性能分析

在自适应光学系统中，波前探测器的噪声、未完全补偿湍流所引起的误差以及变形镜的拟合误差是主要的误差源．本文针对已经建立的2．16m望远镜红外自适应光学系统，从伺服控制系统的角度分析了该系统的闭环噪声、大气湍流引起的误差以及该系统的闭环总体误差．该系统的闭环总体误差是光强及系统闭环带宽的函数．本文还分析了该系统的有效性以及对大气湍流不同改善程度情况下光强与闭环带宽的关系．并在此基础上给出了该系统的最佳带宽选取及系统的极限工作星等．     

An analysis of the observed contrast of solar surface granulation

The contrast of the solar surface granulation detected in the focal plane of the observing system as well as its relations with the aperture of the observing system, the coherent length of atmospheric turbulence and the sensitivity of the detecting system are analyzed. The results of numerical calculation of the granulation contrast as functions of aperture, coherent length of atmospheric turbulence and sensitivity of the detecting system are presented. Results of a related observation are also given.     

低对比度扩展目标跟踪算法

针对如太阳表面米粒结构和太阳黑子这类低对比度扩展目标，研究了互相关因子和绝对差分两种跟踪算法的有效性，并给出了根据所采集的图像进行后处理所得到的小整体倾斜信号，此外还比较了去除整体倾斜前后的太阳表面米粒结构长曝光像的对比度。     

Improvement in the performance of solar adaptive optics

Adaptive optics （AO）, which provides diffraction limited imaging over a field-of-view （FOV）, is a powerful technique for solar observation. In the tomographic approach, each wavefront sensor （WFS） is looking at a single reference that acts as a guide star. This allows a 3D reconstruction of the distorted wavefront to be made. The correction is applied by one or more deformable mirrors （DMs）. This technique benefits from information about atmospheric turbulence at different layers, which can be used to reconstruct the wavefront extremely well. With the assistance of the MAOS software package, we consider the tomography errors and WFS aliasing errors, and focus on how the performance of a solar telescope （pointing toward zenith） is related to atmospheric anisoplanatism. We theoretically quantify the performance of the to- mographic solar AO system. The results indicate that the tomographic AO system can improve the average Strehl ratio of a solar telescope in a 10＂ - 80＂ diameter FOV by only employing one DM conjugated to the telescope pupil. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of DM conjugate altitude on the correction achievable by the AO system by selecting two atmospheric models that differ mainly in terms of atmospheric prop- erties at ground level, and present the optimum DM conjugate altitudes for different observation sites.     

A comparison between estimations of Fried's parameter r o simultaneously obtained by measurements of solar granulation contrast and of the variance of angle-of-arrival fluctuations

Estimations of Fried's parameter r _o are performed simultaneously using the same telescope, from the observed solar granulation contrast and from the variance of angle-of-arrival fluctuations. The results are well correlated and the mean ratio between the values for r _o obtained from the 2 methods is found to be equal to 1.4.The sensitivity and accuracy of the methods are discussed in terms of their range of application (site testing, seeing measurements during solar observations ...). Temporal power spectra of turbulent energy are computed and evidence of long period oscillations of about 10 min is found.     

Optical design of the new solar telescope GREGOR

This article describes the considerations which led to the current optical design of the new 1.5 m solar telescope GREGOR. The result is Gregorian design with two real foci in the optical train. The telescope includes a relay optic with a pupil image used by a high order adaptive optics system (AO). The optical design is described in detail and performance characteristics are given. Finally we show some verification results which prove that – without atmospheric effects – the completed telescope reaches a diffraction limited performance (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于迭代分形法的大气波前仿真

大口径望远镜受大气湍流的影响,光学分辨率远远小于其自身光路所决定的衍射极限。为了相应的自适应光学系统设计,首先有必要对大气波动进行仿真以提供环境数据。通常的大气波前仿真方法需要通过计算结构函数,得到功率谱函数,进而得到仿真波前,但该方法存在计算速度慢,中间变量存储空间大的问题,给大口径望远镜或者长时间仿真带来很大不便。介绍了一种可行的基于迭代分形法的波前仿真方法,复杂度达到O（N）,可以大大提高波前仿真的速度。     

Magnetic field effect on the fine structure of convective motions in the solar atmosphere

Statistical properties of solar granulation in an active region on the solar surface from the photosphere to the lower chromosphere are studied. We use the values of the velocity, intensity, and magnetic field that were obtained at different heights in the solar atmosphere according to the observation data on the VTT telescope at Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife. The changes in the line??s parameters (central depth of the line, halfwidth, equivalent width, and central depth shift) and convective velocity are presented as functions of the value of the magnetic field. We propose a 16-column model of solar granulation depending on the direction of motion of convective elements and on the sign of contrast at two heights??in the continuous spectrum and in the highest layer (h = 650 km). We found that the magnetic field impedes the change in the sign and motion direction of convective elements.     

The development of the Schmidt telescope

Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935) was born in Estonia. After a few years of studying engineering he ran an optical workshop in Mittweida, Saxonia, between 1901 and 1927. Astronomers appreciated the quality of his telescopes. Starting in 1925, on behalf of the Hamburg Observatory, he developed a short focal length optical system with a large field of view. For this purpose, Schmidt moved his workshop to the observatory. He succeeded in inventing the “Schmidt telescope” which allows the imaging of a large field of the sky without any distortions. Schmidt's first telescope (spherical mirror diameter 0.44 m, correction plate 0.36 m diameter, aperture ratio 1:1.75, and focal length 0.625 m) has been used since 1962 at the Boyden Observatory in Bloemfontein/South Africa. Apart from his 0.36m telescope, Schmidt produced a second larger one of 0.60m aperture. Shortly after Schmidt's death, the director of the observatory published details on the invention and production of the Schmidt telescope. After World War II, Schmidt telescopes have been widely used. The first large Schmidt telescope, the “Big Schmidt” (1.26 m), Mount Palomar, USA, was completed in 1948. The 0.80 m Schmidt telescope of Hamburg Observatory, planned since 1936, finished in 1954, is now on Calar Alto/Spain (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Centre-To-Limb Variation of the Solar Granulation

An excellent series of images of solar granulation was taken during the partial solar eclipse of 1994 May 10 at the Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory. Making use of the lunar limb profile, images at different heliocentric positions were corrected for instrumental and atmospheric effects. The centre-to-limb variation of the granulation contrast was calculated and compared with previous determinations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

New high resolution observations of the solar diameter from space and ground with the microsatellite program PICARD

The PICARD microsatellite mission will provide 2 to 6 years simultaneous measurements of the solar diameter, differential rotation and solar constant to investigate the nature of their relations and variabilities. The 100 kg satellite has a 40 kg payload consisting of 3 instruments which will provide an absolute measure (better than 10 milliarcsec) of the diameter and the solar shape, a measure of total solar irradiance, and UV and visible flux in selected wavelength bands. Now in Phase B, PICARD is expected to be launched before mid-2003. The engineering model of the diameter telescope will be used on ground simultaneously with the satellite to investigate the atmospheric bias and state on the possible accuracy of the ground measurements carried up to now. We review the scientific goals linked to the diameter measurement, present the payload, and give a brief overview of the program aspects.