拼接镜面主动控制系统的定标

对拼接主镜进行主动控制是拼接镜技术的难点之一,8 m环形拼接太阳望远镜主动光学的控制性能主要取决于倾斜探测的精度与控制模型建立的准确程度。在研制主动控制系统时,需要对倾斜探测精度定标以及建立较为准确的控制模型,即对主动控制系统定标。实验系统中搭建了用于实时探测拼接子镜倾斜的夏克-哈特曼波前传感器,并对其重复测量精度进行了定标,精度达到0.014 arcsec,接近8 m环形太阳望远镜面形控制的要求。然后利用边缘传感器和夏克-哈特曼波前传感器测量了两镜主动控制系统的控制矩阵,建立较为准确的控制模型。     

一种激光导引星自适应光学系统中激光上行到达角起伏测量方法的研究

激光导引星波前倾斜测量问题是限制自适应光学技术在天文领域广泛应用的关键问题之一。测量并改正激光上行到达角起伏是解决这一问题的有效方法。提出一种基于统计平均算法而不依赖自然导引星和辅助望远镜的测量方法,可以有效地测量出激光上行到达角起伏。利用具有子孔径阵列的哈特曼波前传感器对激光信标进行探测,选择部分子孔径进行倾斜量的统计平均以获得激光上行到达角起伏。仿真了统计平均算法的误差随子孔径数量的变化关系。结果表明,最小算法误差相对于望远镜全口径倾斜误差的下降比例与大气相干长度无关,而与望远镜口径有关。望远镜口径越大,算法误差相对于全口径倾斜误差下降越多。当望远镜口径为10 m时,最小算法误差下降为望远镜全口径倾斜误差的33%。     

应用于自适应系统的1.2m望远镜面形误差精细检测

为检测云南天文台１．２ｍ望远镜光学成像质量,在多种光学检测方法中,我们结合实际情况,详细地讨论了两种方案的可能性。并用美国ＺＥＭＡＸ光学设计软件设计了所需的光学辅助元件。第一种方案,将全口径分割成直径为３００ｍｍ的子孔径后,利用哈特曼传感器对每个子孔径的最后成像波面进行探测,得到波前畸变量。最后将所得到的子孔径波面合成得到全口径波面,进而分析系统成像质量。第二种方案采用补偿干涉法,利用设计的补偿器补偿主镜的法线象差,得到干涉条纹,再由干涉条纹分析得到主镜面形差。这两种方法都实现微机实时采样与处理,能以较快速度计算出最后结果。最后,我们讨论了检测过程中误差来源及精度分析。在实验条件满足的情况下,整个系统的测试精度优于λ／１０。     

先进多孔径视宁度廓线仪数值模拟研究

先进多孔径视宁度廓线仪(A-MASP)由两台小望远镜组成,通过望远镜观测太阳表面的米粒结构进行日间湍流廓线测量.两台望远镜之间的相对指向误差可以通过改进的湍流廓线测量公式消除.数值仿真研究表明,使用消除抖动的湍流廓线计算公式后,发现A-MASP对地表附近的湍流不敏感.当两台望远镜距离为0.4 m时,无法测量400 m以下的湍流.在A-MASP中,采样高度的不均匀分布会造成测量结果的失真,可通过等效采样高度的计算方法,对该失真进行修正.通过100层相位屏对大气湍流的仿真,结果表明当望远镜距离不同时,湍流廓线测量的结果各有侧重.当距离较近时(0.4 m),A-MASP对0.4–5 km的湍流廓线测量精度较高.当距离为1.2 m和2.0 m时,对5 km以上的湍流廓线测量较准确.     

太阳偏振图像高分辨重建误差仿真分析

地基太阳望远镜磁像仪在进行偏振测量时会受到大气湍流的影响,导致测量结果不准确。通过同步探测波前像差,对太阳窄带偏振图像退卷积重建的方法可以克服窄带滤光器带来的偏振测量通道光子数水平较低等问题,将高分辨图像重建算法应用到太阳偏振图像的重建中。在重建过程中,波前估计不准确会导致重建的偏振图像受到I的串扰,与真实的偏振信号之间存在一定偏差。为了研究同步重建过程中波前复原精度对偏振图像重建精度的影响,通过建立仿真模型,对不同视宁度和不同波前复原精度下I对偏振信号的串扰进行了仿真。结果表明,偏振图像的重建质量与波前复原精度正相关,在一定的条件下,增加用于图像重建的帧数和降低图像分辨率等方法也可以降低I对偏振信号的串扰。     

云南天文台全日面太阳黑子照相观测系统的建立I.硬件部分

利用云南天文台5吋太阳黑子望远镜,通过光学系统的改装配置佳能数码照相机,建立了对太阳全日面黑子实施高分辨观测的照相装置。照相结果表明大小黑子、本影、半影都清晰可见,可以取代长期以来以手工描迹太阳黑子的传统观测方法。照相观测资料的计算机处理,可给出当日太阳黑子相对数、黑子总的球面积和圆面积等主要参数,有关资料处理及软件问题将另文介绍。     

AIMS太阳望远镜中像旋对稳像精度的影响分析

针对用于太阳磁场精确测量的中红外观测系统(Accurate Infrared Magnetic field measurements of the Sun, AIMS)太阳望远镜地平式机架在跟踪目标时像场旋转的现象,研究了像场旋转对稳像系统校正精度的影响。首先理论分析了互相关因子算法和绝对差分算法在不同湍流强度及不同探测窗口大小时由像场旋转引起的计算误差。随后在光学分析软件ASAP(Advanced Systems Analysis Program)中建立了包含装配误差的望远镜系统动态光学模型,统计了折轴系统装配误差在望远镜实时跟踪太阳运动时引起的像场平移及旋转。其中,图像在半小时内的最大平移约为0.3 mm,最大像旋约为200″。结果表明,在现有的误差分配情况下,装配误差引起的像旋对稳像精度的影响很小,而为了获得较高的稳像精度,互相关因子算法是首选的稳像算法,且在硬件处理速度允许的情况下,应该选择128×128像素的探测窗口。     

1m红外太阳望远镜光电导行系统的反馈控制分析

我国正在研制中的1m红外太阳望远镜是目前国内唯一的地平式真空太阳塔,主要用于活动区磁场的精细光谱分析和太阳活动区磁场的时空精细结构研究.要求望远镜必须长时间高精度跟踪太阳(0.3"/30s、1"/10min)才能实现它的科学目标.光电导行是实现望远镜高精度跟踪观测目标的关键控制技术,通过检测观测目标像在图像传感器上的移动量作为反馈控制信号对望远镜实行闭环控制.首先建立了光电导行系统的控制系统模型,然后分析了系统的稳定性能、暂态性能、时域特性、频域特性及跟踪性能,并采用PID控制器对系统进行优化设计,以提高光电导行反馈控制系统的稳定性和跟踪精度.通过计算机仿真设计,采用PID控制算法能实现1m红外太阳望远镜的跟踪要求.     

一米新真空红外太阳望远镜多波段光谱仪光谱弯曲分析

在太阳长狭缝光谱观测中,光谱的狭缝方向和色散方向应该分别与CCD探测器的两个边缘平行。但实际上,由于狭缝、光栅、CCD探测器的机械安装精度等原因,会造成他们之间的位置关系不匹配,导致得到的太阳光谱总是存在一定的倾斜和变形。即使有时这些倾斜很微小,也会对太阳光谱的平场计算造成严重影响,从而影响整个光谱数据的处理过程。对抚仙湖1 m新真空红外太阳望远镜多波段光谱仪得到的一组Hα光谱数据的倾斜量做了测量和分析,并讨论了其对太阳光谱平场计算的影响。     

Ca波段下黑子本影振荡的统计特征

Hinode望远镜于2014年3月4日在Ca II H(396.85nm)线下观测到了一组连续的黑子演化图像.应用Jurkevich(JK)方法计算出本影中样本点的振荡周期为149.75 s.在选定光强轮廓线的一个合适的平均值作为稳恒背景辐射后,应用统计方法分析了该本影振荡极值的分布.结果显示:谷值成正态分布,而峰值成偏正态分布,这种极值的分布特征表明本影3 min振荡可能是由一种周期约为5 min的行波在本影里面传播时引起的,由行波引起的光强变化可能与行波的位移平方成正比关系,从而导致光强的变化周期为行波周期的一半,结果在光强变化上出现一种3 min的周期.     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Born–Infeld type phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of Born–Infeld (B–I) phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane, which is defined by the equation of state parameter for the dark energy and its derivative with respect to N (the logarithm of the scale factor a). We find the scalar field equation of motion in ω–ω′ plane, and show mathematically the property of attractor solutions which correspond to ω _φ ∼−1, Ω _φ =1, which avoid the “Big rip” problem and meets the current observations well.      

A Comparison of Several Image Locating Algorithms in Astronomical Instruments

In astronomical observations at optical wavelengths, a fast image tracking system can be adopted to reduce the effects of the atmospheric seeing and telescopic tracking error, and therefore improve the observing efficiency. Aiming at the need of astronomical observations, totally 5 kinds of algorithms in two categories were selected to make a comparative study on their accuracies and stabilities under different noise conditions by both numerical experiment and laboratory test. The results indicate that the normalized cross-correlation method and barycenter method have not only a higher accuracy but also a better reliability against interferences, they will be applied to the high-resolution spectrograph of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope and the scienti?c instruments of the SONG (Stellar Observations Network Group) project, respectively.     

Shear and vorticity in a combined Einstein-Cartan-Brans-Dicke inflationary lambda-Universe

A combined BCDE (Brans-Dicke and Einstein-Cartan) theory with lambda-term is developed through Raychaudhuri’s equation, for inflationary scenario. It involves a variable cosmological constant, which decreases with time, jointly with energy density, cosmic pressure, shear, vorticity, and Hubble’s parameter, while the scale factor, total spin and scalar field increase exponentially. The post-inflationary fluid resembles a perfect one, though total spin grows, but the angular speed does not (Astrophys. Space Sci. 312: 275, 2007d).      

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.